The potential of WHR/batch and cullet preheating for energy efficiency in the EU ETS glass industry and the related energy incentives

The European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) covers approximately 45% of European greenhouse gases (GHGs), 11,000 stationary installations as well as aircraft operators. The EU ETS particularly affects the energy-intensive industries while it imposes a significant risk of “carbon leakage,” i.e., the risk of EU industry departing to countries with weaker restraints on GHG emissions. The EU glass industry, being capital intensive and also requiring long investment cycles, is the world’s largest glass producer with a market share close to one third of global production. Therefore, it is of significant importance to view the position of the EU ETS glass industry in terms of energy conservation possibilities. The present paper utilizes a vertical approach to provide information on both ETS market evolution and specific technical information to support technological innovation to the glass industry. EU ETS glass industry is analyzed regarding the balance between allocated European Union emission allowances (EUAs), verified CO₂ emissions, and potential shortfall in allowances so as to determine the situation of glass industries and the extent of urge for energy-saving activities towards the strengthening of their position within the requirements of the EU ETS phase III. The replication potential of waste heat recovery (WHR) through batch preheating is specifically addressed since it is considered a promising technology according to the latest Best Available Techniques (BAT) reference document for the glass industry under Directive IED 2010/75/EU. A case study for a container glass furnace based on simulation results is presented investigating the impact of different operating and design configurations on specific energy consumption and CO₂ emissions.     

Performance evaluation of a C-RAN supporting a mixture of random and quasi-random traffic

Wireless Networks - In this paper we consider a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) where the remote radio heads (RRHs) are separated from the baseband signal processing servers, named baseband...     

Multi-view human movement recognition based on fuzzy distances and linear discriminant analysis

In this paper, a novel multi-view human movement recognition method is presented. A novel representation of multi-view human movement videos is proposed that is based on learning basic multi-view human movement primitives, called multi-view dynemes. The movement video is represented in a new feature space (called dyneme space) using these multi-view dynemes, thus producing a time invariant multi-view movement representation. Fuzzy distances from the multi-view dynemes are used to represent the human body postures in the dyneme space. Three variants of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) are evaluated to achieve a discriminant movement representation in a low dimensionality space. The view identification problem is solved either by using a circular block shift procedure followed by the evaluation of the minimum Euclidean distance from any dyneme, or by exploiting the circular shift invariance property of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). The discriminant movement representation combined with camera viewpoint identification and a nearest centroid classification step leads to a high human movement classification accuracy.     

Effectiveness of iron reducing bacteria for the removal of iron from bauxite ores

Current study investigates the possibility of obtaining the removal of iron from bauxite ores, by exploiting the metabolism of iron reducing microorganisms. The experiments were carried out using the microorganism Desulfuromonas palmitatis. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated on six different bauxite samples, containing the alumina oxide in the form of diaspore or boehmite. The Fe₂O₃ content of the samples varied between 16.3% and 22.3% and occurred mainly in the form of goethite or hematite, with one sample containing also chamosite. For comparison reasons the same treatment was also applied on three samples of synthetic Fe(III)-oxides, namely ferrihydrite, goethite and hematite. The removal of iron from the six bauxite samples was found to vary between 7% and 29% and the highest extraction corresponded to the sample containing the Fe(II) rich compound, chamosite. The bioavailability of Fe in the three synthetic oxides was highly dependant on their crystallinity. The amorphous ferrihydrite was almost completely dissolved, up to 95%, whereas dissolution of crystalline goethite and hematite did not exceed 9% and 1.2% respectively.     

Modeling of fermentative hydrogen production from sweet sorghum extract based on modified ADM1

The Anaerobic digestion model 1 (ADM1) framework can be used to predict fermentative hydrogen production, since the latter is directly related to the acidogenic stage of the anaerobic digestion process. In this study, the ADM1 model framework was used to simulate and predict the process of fermentative hydrogen production from the extractable sugars of sweet sorghum biomass. Kinetic parameters for sugars’ consumption and yield coefficients of acetic, propionic and butyric acid production were estimated using the experimental data obtained from the steady states of a CSTR. Batch experiments were used for kinetic parameter validation. Since the ADM1 does not account for metabolic products such as lactic acid and ethanol that are crucial during the fermentative hydrogen production process, the structure of the model was modified to include lactate and ethanol among the metabolites and to improve the predictions. The modified ADM1 simulated satisfactorily batch experiments although further modifications could be made in order to further improve the predictions for the hydrogenogenic process.     

Bimorph actuator with monolithically integrated CMOS OFET control

We present an electrostrictive polymer bimorph controllable with low voltage through an integrated CMOS OFET control system. We have actuated the device by applying voltages up to 400 V to the control system, and can actuate the control with 60 V switching. The electrostrictor material was used both as the substrate for the transistors and as the dielectric layer for the control circuitry. This allows for a reduction in the number of layers in the structure, minimizing the clamping effect that would compromise the strain capabilities of the device. We have characterized the macroscopic displacement of the structure through a radius of curvature measurement, ranging from 11.4 mm to 7.5 mm depending on the supply voltage provided. The architecture proposed can be scaled to larger system with higher supply voltages.     

Ultrafast Dynamics of Localized and Delocalized Polaron Transitions in P3HT/PCBM Blend Materials: The Effects of PCBM Concentration

Nowadays, organic solar cells have the interest of engineers for manufacturing flexible and low cost devices. The considerable progress of this nanotechnology area presents the possibility of investigating new effects from a fundamental science point of view. In this letter we highlight the influence of the concentration of fullerene molecules on the ultrafast transport properties of charged electrons and polarons in P3HT/PCBM blended materials which are crucial for the development of organic solar cells. Especially, we report on the femtosecond dynamics of localized (P₂ at 1.45 eV) and delocalized (DP₂ at 1.76 eV) polaron states of P3HT matrix with the addition of fullerene molecules as well as the free-electron relaxation dynamics of PCBM-related states. Our study shows that as PCBM concentration increases, the amplified exciton dissociation at bulk heterojunctions leads to increased polaron lifetimes. However, the increase in PCBM concentration can be directly related to the localization of polarons, creating thus two competing trends within the material. Our methodology shows that the effect of changes in structure and/or composition can be monitored at the fundamental level toward optimization of device efficiency.     

Synthesis of ferronickel slag-based geopolymers

This paper deals with the synthesis of geopolymers utilizing ferronickel slag as raw material. The utilized slag is produced in the Greek plant LARCO during the pyrometallurgical treatment of laterites for the production of ferronickel, specifically at the step of the reductive smelting in electric arc furnaces. The performed work includes the optimization of the slag-based geopolymeric system through the study of the effect of the synthesis parameters on the mechanical properties of the produced materials. The structure of geopolymers was determined with X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results showed that the ferronickel slag is an excellent raw material for the production of inorganic polymers using the geopolymerization technology. The materials produced under the optimum synthesis conditions were compact and rigid and presented high compressive strength (118 MPa), as well as extremely low water absorption (0.7–0.8%).