寻找北欧精神——以斯科斯累格加登林地公墓为例

位于斯德哥尔摩的林地公墓始建于20世纪初,由两位年轻的瑞典建筑师冈纳·阿斯普朗德(Gunnar Asplund)和西格德·莱韦伦兹(Sigurd Lewerent)合作完成,1994年被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产.2009年补充设计了一个新的火葬场,这是欧洲普及火化以来墓园发展的一座里程碑.该文从当代的建筑和文化视角...     

Appearance and Textural Properties of Sheared Low Concentration Potato Protein Gels—Impact of Drying Method,pH, and Ionic Strength

The objective was to prepare sheared gels of potato protein concentrate and evaluate the effect of pH (3, ～4, ～7), ionic strength (15 or 200 mM) and protein drying conditions (spray or freeze drying) on the final appearance and rheological characteristics. Heat‐set gels 3 % (w/w) at a high ionic strength (200 mM) resulted in an inhomogeneous appearance with presence of clots, while low ionic strength (15 mM) gave homogenous structures. Gels prepared at pH 3 became transparent while preparation above pH 3.0 resulted in high turbidity. Heat treatment and cooling resulted in gelation for all samples except freeze dried powder at pH 3.0. Flow curves during shear from 0.1 to 100 s^?1 were fitted by the Herschel–Bulkley model indicating shear thinning behavior for all samples except the freeze dried sample at pH 3 which displayed a Newtonian behavior. Oscillatory measurements after shear indicated viscus behavior (phase angle above 45°) for the spray dried sample at pH 3, and gelled behavior (phase angle above 45°) for the remaining gelled samples. Structure recovery was observed after shear in all samples except at pH 3.0. The data shows potato protein can be used as ingredient in protein beverages.     

Elimination of Hot Tears in Steel Castings by Means of Solidification Pattern Optimization

A methodology of how to exploit the Niyama criterion for the elimination of various defects such as centerline porosity, macrosegregation, and hot tearing in steel castings is presented. The tendency of forming centerline porosity is governed by the temperature distribution close to the end of the solidification interval, specifically by thermal gradients and cooling rates. The physics behind macrosegregation and hot tears indicate that these two defects also are dependent heavily on thermal gradients and pressure drop in the mushy zone. The objective of this work is to show that by optimizing the solidification pattern, i.e., establishing directional and progressive solidification with the help of the Niyama criterion, macrosegregation and hot tearing issues can be both minimized or eliminated entirely. An original casting layout was simulated using a transient three-dimensional (3-D) thermal fluid model incorporated in a commercial simulation software package to determine potential flaws and inadequacies. Based on the initial casting process assessment, multiobjective optimization of the solidification pattern of the considered steel part followed. That is, the multiobjective optimization problem of choosing the proper riser and chill designs has been investigated using genetic algorithms while simultaneously considering their impact on centerline porosity, the macrosegregation pattern, and primarily on hot tear formation.     

Large-energy-shift photon upconversion in degenerately doped InP nanowires by direct excitation into the electron gas

Realizing photon upconversion in nanostructures is important for many next- generation applications such as biological labelling, infrared detectors and solar cells. In particular nanowires are attractive for optoelectronics because they can easily be electrically contacted. Here we demonstrate photon upconversion with a large energy shift in highly n-doped InP nanowires. Crucially, the mechanism responsible for the upconversion in our system does not rely on multi-photon absorption via intermediate states, thus eliminating the need for high photon fluxes to achieve upconversion. The demonstrated upconversion paves the way for utilizing nanowires--with their inherent flexibility such as electrical contactability and the ability to position individual nanowires--for photon upconversion devices also at low photon fluxes, possibly down to the single photon level in optimised structures.     

Sealing of polymer micro-structures by over-moulding

A concept for sealing of polymer micro-structures by over-moulding with polystyrene was devised and investigated by both experiments and simulations. The depth to which the melt filled the structure, i.e. a groove in the surface of the insert, before solidification was compared with results from simulations by computational fluid dynamics software. In both experiments and simulations, there was clearly an increase of filling depth with groove width and, especially for wide grooves, with injection temperature. In the simulations, changes in prescribed heat transfer coefficient had the largest effect on filling depth in the narrowest grooves. Around the experimental groove widths, there was good agreement between experiments and simulations. It was concluded that sealing by over-moulding is feasible if the depth/width ratio of the structure is large enough which in this paper is larger than six, i.e. up to several times the filling depth in a corresponding metal or silicon structure.     

Novel (phenylethynyl)pyrene-LNA constructs for fluorescence SNP sensing in polymorphic nucleic acid targets

We describe fluorescent oligonucleotide probes labeled with novel (phenylethynyl)pyrene dyes attached to locked nucleic acids. Furthermore, we prove the utility of these probes for the effective detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in natural nucleic acids. High-affinity hybridization of the probes and excellent fluorescence responses to single-base mismatches in DNA/RNA targets are demonstrated in model dual-probe and doubly labeled probe formats. This stimulated us to develop two diagnostic systems for the homogeneous detection of a drug-resistance-causing mutation in HIV-1 protease cDNA and RNA gene fragments. Target sequences were obtained by analysis of 200 clinical samples from patients currently receiving anti-HIV/AIDS combination therapy at the Russian Federal AIDS Center. Using these fluorescent oligonucleotides, we were able to detect the target mutation despite all the challenges of the natural targets, that is, the presence of additional mutations, neighboring sequence variation, and low target concentration, which typically reduce binding and effectiveness of sensing by fluorescent oligonucleotides.     

Probing the wurtzite conduction band structure using state filling in highly doped InP nanowires

We have grown InP nanowires doped with hydrogen sulfide, which exhibit sulfur concentrations of up to 1.4%. The highest doped nanowires show a pure wurtzite crystal structure, in contrast to bulk InP which has the zinc blende structure. The nanowires display photoluminescence which is strongly blue shifted compared with the band gap, well into the visible range. We find evidence of a second conduction band minimum at the gamma point about 0.23 eV above the band edge, in excellent agreement with recent theoretical predictions. Electrical measurements show high conductivity and breakdown currents of 10(7) A/cm(2).     

Formation of giant protein vesicles by a lipid cosolvent method

This paper describes a method to create giant protein vesicles (GPVs) of ≥10 μm by solvent-driven fusion of large vesicles (0.1-0.2 μm) with reconstituted membrane proteins. We found that formation of GPVs proceeded from rotational mixing of protein-reconstituted large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) with a lipid-containing solvent phase. We made GPVs by using n-decane and squalene as solvents, and applied generalized polarization (GP) imaging to monitor the polarity around the protein transmembrane region of aquaporins labeled with the polarity-sensitive probe Badan. Specifically, we created GPVs of spinach SoPIP2;1 and E. coli AqpZ aquaporins. Our findings show that hydrophobic interactions within the bilayer of formed GPVs are influenced not only by the solvent partitioning propensity, but also by lipid composition and membrane protein isoform.     

Predicting and rationalizing the effect of surface charge distribution and orientation on nano-wire based FET bio-sensors

A single charge screening model of surface charge sensors in liquids (De Vico et al., Nanoscale, 2011, 3, 706-717) is extended to multiple charges to model the effect of the charge distributions of analyte proteins on FET sensor response. With this model we show that counter-intuitive signal changes (e.g. a positive signal change due to a net positive protein binding to a p-type conductor) can occur for certain combinations of charge distributions and Debye lengths. The new method is applied to interpret published experimental data on Streptavidin (Ishikawa et al., ACS Nano, 2009, 3, 3969-3976) and Nucleocapsid protein (Ishikawa et al., ACS Nano, 2009, 3, 1219-1224).     

Design and validation of the high performance and low noise CQU‐DTU‐LN1 airfoils

This paper presents the design and validation of the high performance and low noise Chong Qing University and Technical University of Denmark LN1 (CQU‐DTU‐LN1) series of airfoils for wind turbine applications. The new design method uses target characteristics of wind turbine airfoils in the design objective, such as airfoil lift coefficient, drag coefficient and lift‐drag ratio, and minimizes trailing edge noise as a constraint. To express airfoil shape, an analytical expression is used. One of the main advantages of the present design method is that it produces a highly smooth airfoil shape that can avoid the problem of curvature discontinuity. An airfoil profile with discontinuous curvature can produce a discontinuous pressure gradient (i.e., local flow acceleration or deceleration), which enhances flow separation and thus decreases the airfoil performance. By combining the design method with the blade element momentum theory, the viscous‐inviscid xfoil code and an airfoil self‐noise prediction model, an optimization algorithm has been developed for designing the high performance and low noise CQU‐DTU‐LN1 series of airfoils with targets of maximum power coefficient and low noise emission. To validate the airfoil design, CQU‐DTU‐LN118 airfoil has been tested experimentally in the acoustic wind tunnel located at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), USA. To show the superiority of the CQU‐DTU‐LN1 airfoils, comparisons on aerodynamic performance and noise emission between the CQU‐DTU‐LN118 airfoil and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 64618 airfoil, which is used in modern wind turbine blades, are carried out. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.