A point mutation associated with a severe phenotype of neurofibromatosis 2

Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by bilateral vestibular schwannomas and other nonmalignant tumors of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Although the average age of onset of NF2 is 20 years, some individuals may become symptomatic in childhood. We studied 5 unrelated NF2 patients who became symptomatic before age 13. All 5 had multiple tumors in addition to vestibular schwannoma, and none had a positive family history. Sequence analysis of the NF2 gene revealed identical nonsense mutation of exon 6 in 3 patients. Because this mutation destroys a restriction enzyme recognition site, genomic DNA from the 2 other children was directly tested for this change and identical alterations were detected. Although the work of our laboratory and others has not, in general, detected identical mutations in unrelated patients, this mutation seems to occur particularly frequently in the pediatric population and thus may be associated with an especially severe phenotype. Restriction analysis in children with NF2 may be a cost effective way of identifying their mutation. Further work is needed to characterize the effects of this change on the NF2 protein product and its relationship to this severe phenotype.     

Image compression in digital mammography: effects on computerized detection of subtle microcalcifications

Our previous receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study indicated that the detection accuracy of microcalcifications by radiologists is significantly reduced if mammograms are digitized at 0.1 mm x 0.1 mm. Our recent study also showed that detection accuracy by computer decreases as the pixel size increases from 0.035 mm x 0.035 mm. It is evident that very large matrix sizes have to be used for digitizing mammograms in order to preserve the information in the image. Efficient compression techniques will be needed to facilitate communication and archiving of digital mammograms. In this study, we evaluated two compression techniques: full frame discrete cosine transform (DCT) with entropy coding and Laplacian pyramid hierarchical coding (LPHC). The dependence of their efficiency on the compression parameters was investigated. The techniques were compared in terms of the trade-off between the bit rate and the detection accuracy of subtle microcalcifications by an automated detection algorithm. The mean-square errors in the reconstructed images were determined and the visual quality of the error images was examined. It was found that with the LPHC method, the highest compression ratio achieved without a significant degradation in the detectability was 3.6:1. The full frame DCT method with entropy coding provided a higher compression efficiency of 9.6:1 at comparable detection accuracy. The mean-square errors did not correlate with the detection accuracy of the microcalcifications. This study demonstrated the importance of determining the quality of the decompressed images by the specific requirements of the task for which the decompressed images are to be used. Further investigation is needed for selection of optimal compression technique for digital mammograms.     

Comparison of Etest to broth microdilution method for testing Streptococcus pneumoniae susceptibility to levofloxacin and three macrolides

When the Etest was compared to broth microdilution for susceptibility testing of Streptococcus pneumoniae, levofloxacin, erythromycin, and penicillin results correlated for both methods; azithromycin and clarithromycin showed discrepancies of > or = 2 dilutions for 95.8% and 31.5% of the isolates, respectively. Levofloxacin was active against 141 of 142 isolates (< or = 2.0 micrograms/ml), making it a potentially useful new fluoroquinolone.     

Transendothelial insulin transport is not saturable in vivo. No evidence for a receptor-mediated process

The redistribution of spin-labeled phospholipid analogs across the plasma membrane of HepG2 cells, either in suspension or grown as monolayers, was investigated. After incorporation into the outer membrane leaflet spin-labeled aminophospholipids phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) moved rapidly to the inner monolayer, whereas the analog of phosphatidylcholine (PC) disappeared more slowly from the outer leaflet. The fast, inward movement of the aminophospholipids was abolished after adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-depletion of cells, suggesting the presence of an aminophospholipid translocase in the plasma membrane of these cells. Compared with human red blood cells, the activity of the aminophospholipid translocase is two orders of magnitude higher in HepG2 cells. From these data, a transverse phospholipid asymmetry can be inferred with the aminophospholipids mainly concentrated on the inner monolayer and the choline-containing phospholipids on the outer leaflet. The relevance of the enrichment of PC in the outer membrane leaflet for the formation and composition of the bile is discussed.     

Exceptional convergent evolution in a virus

Replicate lineages of the bacteriophage phiX 174 adapted to growth at high temperature on either of two hosts exhibited high rates of identical, independent substitutions. Typically, a dozen or more substitutions accumulated in the 5.4-kilobase genome during propagation. Across the entire data set of nine lineages, 119 independent substitutions occurred at 68 nucleotide sites. Over half of these substitutions, accounting for one third of the sites, were identical with substitutions in other lineages. Some convergent substitutions were specific to the host used for phage propagation, but others occurred across both hosts. Continued adaptation of an evolved phage at high temperature, but on the other host, led to additional changes that included reversions of previous substitutions. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the complete genome sequence not only failed to recover the correct evolutionary history because of these convergent changes, but the true history was rejected as being a significantly inferior fit to the data. Replicate lineages subjected to similar environmental challenges showed similar rates of substitution and similar rates of fitness improvement across corresponding times of adaptation. Substitution rates and fitness improvements were higher during the initial period of adaptation than during a later period, except when the host was changed.     

Analysis of a 2(9) full factorial chemical library

Robotic synthesis is making possible the synthesis of large, systematically designed sets of compounds. We analyze a 512-compound set that is a 2(9) full factorial experimental design using a recursive partitioning algorithm, FIRM, and a high-dimension visualization tool, TempleMVV. These techniques are used to quickly and easily identify the main trends in the data set and also identify unusual observations. We show that analytical and visualization methods can be used synergistically to analyze a large, complex, high-dimensional data set. We also show that a fractional factorial design of 128 compounds would give essentially the same information.     

Ornithine-delta-aminotransferase expression and ornithine metabolism in cultured epidermal keratinocytes: toward metabolic sink therapy for gyrate atrophy

There is now strong evidence that the chorioretinal degeneration associated with ornithine-delta-aminotransferase (OAT) deficiency is a consequence of hyperornithinemia. Therefore development of a metabolic system for clearing ornithine from the circulation is being pursued as a potential treatment. The skin is considered an attractive location for such a metabolic system because autologous cells can be safely and easily utilized. This study was undertaken to determine the ornithine metabolizing capacity of epidermal keratinocytes expressing normal and superphysiologic amounts of OAT. The data show that overexpression of OAT in keratinocytes cultured from a gyrate atrophy patient restores ornithine metabolism and results in a rate of ornithine disappearance from the medium that is significantly higher than the rate of disappearance from the medium bathing normal keratinocytes. In addition, OAT activity determined in soluble protein prepared from sonicates suggests that the capacity to maintain plasma ornithine within the normal range is contained within an accomplishable graft of keratinocytes overexpressing OAT. However, the actual rate of ornithine disappearance from the media was significantly less than predicted from enzyme activity assays. Following ornithine metabolite production by intact cells suggests that ornithine metabolism is limited primarily by clearance of downstream metabolites, as opposed to substrate delivery.