The flavonoid tangeretin activates the unfolded protein response and synergizes with imatinib in the erythroleukemia cell line K562

We explored the mechanism of cell death of the polymethoxyflavone tangeretin (TAN) in K562 breakpoint cluster region‐abelson murine leukemia (Bcr‐Abl+) cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that TAN arrested the cells in the G₂/M phase and stimulated an accumulation of the cells in the sub‐G₀ phase. TAN‐induced cell death was evidenced by poly(ADP)‐ribose polymerase cleavage, DNA laddering fragmentation, activation of the caspase cascade and downregulation of the antiapoptotic proteins Mcl‐1 and Bcl‐x_L. Pretreatment with the pancaspase inhibitor Z‐VAD‐FMK_blocked caspase activation and cell cycle arrest but did not inhibit apoptosis which suggest that other cell killing mechanisms like endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐associated cell death pathways could be involved. We demonstrated that TAN‐induced apoptosis was preceded by a rapid activation of the proapoptotic arm of the unfolded protein response, namely PKR‐like ER kinase. This was accompanied by enhanced levels of glucose‐regulated protein of 78 kDa and of spliced X‐box binding protein 1. Furthermore, TAN sensitized K562 cells to the cell killing effects of imatinib via an apoptotic mechanism. In conclusion, our results suggest that TAN is able to induce apoptosis in Bcr‐Abl+ cells via cell cycle arrest and the induction of the unfolded protein response, and has synergistic cytotoxicity with imatinib.     

Mechanism for SOFC anode degradation from hydrogen sulfide exposure

Recent results on solid oxide fuel cells with Ni/YSZ and Ni/GDC anodes reveal a mechanism for permanent performance degradation due to hydrogen sulfide exposure. Our results confirm the temporary performance decline observed by others but also reveal a mechanism for the long term permanent degradation. We find that hydrogen sulfide leads to nickel migration and depletion in the anode, thereby compromising electrical conductivity and cell performance.     

Silhouette-based multi-sensor smoke detection

Fire is one of the leading hazards affecting everyday life around the world. The sooner the fire is detected, the better the chances are for survival. Today’s fire alarm systems, such as video-based smoke detectors, however, still pose many problems. In order to accomplish more accurate video-based smoke detection and to reduce false alarms, this paper proposes a multi-sensor smoke detector which takes advantage of the different kinds of information represented by visual and thermal imaging sensors. The detector analyzes the silhouette coverage of moving objects in visual and long-wave infrared registered (~aligned) images. The registration is performed using a contour mapping algorithm which detects the rotation, scale and translation between moving objects in the multi-spectral images. The geometric parameters found at this stage are then further used to coarsely map the silhouette images and coverage between them is calculated. Since smoke is invisible in long-wave infrared its silhouette will, contrarily to ordinary moving objects, only be detected in visual images. As such, the coverage of thermal and visual silhouettes will start to decrease in case of smoke. Due to the dynamic character of the smoke, the visual silhouette will also show a high degree of disorder. By focusing on both silhouette behaviors, the system is able to accurately detect the smoke. Experiments on smoke and non-smoke multi-sensor sequences indicate that the automated smoke detection algorithm is able to coarsely map the multi-sensor images. Furthermore, using the low-cost silhouette analysis, a fast warning, with a low number of false alarms, can be given.     

Exopolysaccharide Carbohydrate Structure and Biofilm Formation by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii Strains Inhabiting Nodules of Trifolium repens Growing on an Old Zn–Pb–Cd-Polluted Waste Heap Area

Heavy metals polluting the 100-year-old waste heap in Bolesław (Poland) are acting as a natural selection factor and may contribute to adaptations of organisms living in this area, including Trifolium repens and its root nodule microsymbionts—rhizobia. Exopolysaccharides (EPS), exuded extracellularly and associated with bacterial cell walls, possess variable structures depending on environmental conditions; they can bind metals and are involved in biofilm formation. In order to examine the effects of long-term exposure to metal pollution on EPS structure and biofilm formation of rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains originating from the waste heap area and a non-polluted reference site were investigated for the characteristics of the sugar fraction of their EPS using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry and also for biofilm formation and structural characteristics using confocal laser scanning microscopy under control conditions as well as when exposed to toxic concentrations of zinc, lead, and cadmium. Significant differences in EPS structure, biofilm thickness, and ratio of living/dead bacteria in the biofilm were found between strains originating from the waste heap and from the reference site, both without exposure to metals and under metal exposure. Received results indicate that studied rhizobia can be assumed as potentially useful in remediation processes.     

Effects of steam injection on microturbine efficiency and performance

Microturbines offer new perspectives in small-scale heat and power production. Non-continuous heat demand however often leads to a reduced number of yearly running hours. This paper proposes an alternative by introducing water or steam injection without significantly increasing the overall cost. Steam injection (STIG^®) has been successful to boost performance and efficiency in industrial gas turbine cycles and similar effects are expected in the case of microturbines. Owing to the different way of controlling microturbines at non-constant shaftspeed, the response to steam or water injection differs from current STIG^® cycles. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of steam injection on microturbine behavior by simulating its off-design characteristics in Aspen.     

Wheat Variety and Barley Malt Properties: Influence on Haze Intensity and Foam Stability of Wheat Beer

Laboratory wheat beers were brewed with different wheat varieties of different protein content (8.7–14.4%) and with five different barley malts, varying in degree of modification (soluble protein: 3.9–6.9%). In a first series of experiments, it was investigated whether wheat positively influences the foam stability, a major characteristic of wheat beers. NIBEM and Rudin (CO₂) foam analyses revealed that the effect of wheat on foam stability depended on the barley malt used for brewing. When using malt with high foaming potential, wheat exerts a negative influence. However, wheat added to over‐modified malt with less foam promoting factors, ameliorates beer foaming characteristics proving that wheat contains foam active compounds. In addition, Rudin (N₂) values suggested that wheat positively influences foam stability by decreasing liquid drainage, probably caused by a higher beer viscosity and/or a finer foam bubble size distribution. Furthermore, the haze in wheat beers, which is another important quality characteristic of these beers, was investigated. Permanent haze readings of the 40% wheat beers were lower than 1.5 EBC haze units. For 20% wheat beers, an inverse relation between the permanent haze (9.4–19.3 EBC haze units) and the protein content of the wheat was established. The barley malt used for brewing also influenced permanent haze readings. A positive correlation between the modification degree of the malt and the permanent haze intensity was found. It was concluded that the choice of raw materials for wheat beer brewing considerably influences the visual properties of the beer.     

Phytate content is reduced and β‐glucanase activity suppressed in malted barley steeped with lactic acid at high temperature

The effect of different steeping conditions on phytate, β‐glucan and vitamin E in barley during malting was studied by a full factorial experiment with three variables (steeping temperature, barley variety and steeping additions). Addition of lactic acid to the steeping water induced a reduction of phytate during steeping and germination, especially in combination with the high steeping temperature (48 °C). Furthermore, lactic acid and high temperature steeping inhibited β‐glucanase development, resulting in a well‐preserved β‐glucan content after germination. When steeping was conducted without addition of lactic acid, the low steeping temperature (15 °C) promoted development of both phytase and β‐glucanase activity during germination. A slightly higher level of tocopherols and tocotrienols was observed in samples steeped at 15 °C than in samples steeped at 48 °C. However, addition of lactic acid reduced the amount for both temperatures. When lactic acid bacteria were added to the steeping water none of the parameters studied differed from samples steeped with water only. The results show the possibility of combining phytate degradation with a preserved β‐glucan content during malting and can thus be of interest for development of cereal products with improved nutritional value. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fish Oil Supplementation During Lactation: Effects on Cognition and Behavior at 7 Years of Age

Early accumulation of n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) in the brain may contribute to differences in later cognitive abilities. In this study, our objective was to examine whether fish oil (FO) supplementation during lactation affects processing speed, working memory, inhibitory control, and socioemotional development at 7 years. Danish mothers (n = 122) were randomized to FO [1.5 g/d n-3 LCPUFA] or olive oil (OO) supplementation during the first 4 months of lactation. The trial also included a high-fish intake (HFI) reference group (n = 53). Ninety-eight children were followed-up with an assessment of processing speed, an age-appropriate Stroop task, and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire at 7 year. A group effect of the intervention (FO vs. OO) was found in prosocial behavior scores; this negative effect was carried by the boys. Exploratory analyses including all participants revealed the speed of processing scores were predicted by maternal n-3 LCPUFA intake during the intervention period (negative relation) and maternal education (positive relation). Stroop scores indicative of working memory and inhibitory control were predicted by infant erythrocyte DHA status at 4 months of age (negative relation). Early fish oil supplementation may have a negative effect on later cognitive abilities. Speed of processing and inhibitory control/working memory are differentially affected, with speed of processing showing effects of fish oil intake as a whole, whereas inhibitory control/working memory was related more specifically to DHA status.     

The influence of N load and harvest intensity on the risk of P limitation in Swedish forest soils

Field burning of crop residue is a common post-harvest practice to dispose of these agricultural by-products and for land clearing. Burned crop residues may effectively adsorb pesticides and thus influence their bioavailability in agricultural soils. The adsorption of clomazone by a soil amended with a burned rice straw (BRS) was measured. The availability of clomazone to barnyardgrass in the soil in the absence and presence of BRS was tested. The BRS was 1000-20,000 times more effective than soil in sorbing clomazone. The sorption of clomazone by soil increased with increasing BRS amount in the soil. In a bioassay, the injury of barnyardgrass 9 days after planting decreased with increasing BRS amount in soil indicating the effect of BRS on clomazone availability. Residual analyses showed higher concentrations of clomazone in soils receiving higher rates of the herbicide than in soils with lower application rates suggesting the adsorptive role of BRS. At typical application rate of clomazone (0.3 microg g(-1)), BRS amounts of 0.02 wt.% and higher caused an appreciable reduction to a complete loss in clomazone availability. Calculations suggest that field burning of rice straw may result in sufficiently high amounts (>0.02 wt.%) of BRS, and hence contribute to often experienced loss of pesticide availability in agricultural soils. Our results may be extended to field situations where other crop residues and vegetation are burned. Alternative management of crop residues may improve the bioavailability of pesticides in agricultural soils.     

Pricing structures for solutions: an exploratory study within the oil and gas industry†

A growing number of companies have begun to realise the potential for differentiating their product offerings by integrating services to provide customised solutions. Although there is now an extensive and growing literature on this trend, researchers have only recently begun to consider the pricing structures for such solutions. To address this shortcoming, the present study adopts an exploratory case-based approach to investigate a buyer (drilling contractor) and two suppliers of offshore capital equipment, each of whom provides condition-based maintenance solutions for offshore drilling units in the upstream oil and gas industry. The findings of the study identify a number of underlying mechanisms for solution offerings (i.e. innovativeness, benchmarking alternatives, measurability, replicability and operational risk) that are important considerations in the process of determining appropriate pricing structures based on the buyer’s business model, procurement practices and maintenance strategy vis-à-vis the supplier’s capabilities and the buyer–supplier relationship. The present study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on and insight into the complexity of determining the pricing structure for solution offerings from the perspective of the supplier as well as the buyer.