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41.
Observed 72 infants aged 12, 18, and 24 mo in the presence of their mothers and 2 adult female strangers to assess their willingness to initiate proximal interaction (PI) with unfamiliar adults. Mothers and strangers were asked to be warmly responsive to infant overtures but not to invite interaction from the infant. A majority of the infants at the 3 ages initiated PI with one or both strangers, often repeatedly. For those who engaged in 2 or more PI bouts with the strangers, a significant upward trend in bout duration and intensity was noted. Older infants gave more toys to the strangers and initiated more mutual play. Stranger–mother distance affected amount of proximity, not PI. Mother–stranger conversation was associated with less PI with the conversing stranger. At all ages infants sought more PI with their mothers than with the strangers. Although infants initiated an appreciable amount of PI with the strangers during the 40-min observation, comparison with other studies indicates that a stranger who takes the initiative by inviting play can establish more rapport much sooner. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
42.
Christofi N Aspichueta E Dalzell D De la Sota A Etxebarria J Fernandes T Gutierrez M Morton J Obst U Schmellenkamp P 《Water research》2003,37(1):177-187
A laboratory model nitrifying activated sludge plant treating OECD synthetic sewage was designed and constructed by each of three laboratories in Germany, Scotland and Spain in order to produce a sludge inoculum for 5 rapid toxicity bioassays. The plants were run for 3 years and produced sludge for the microbially based bioassays Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence, ATP luminescence and respiration, and, nitrification and enzyme inhibition. Although the initial sludge inoculum for the plants differed, as did some of the running conditions such as temperature regime, the sludge produced within the different countries had similar characteristics with respect to sludge age, total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids. Nitrification was generally maintained over the 3-year period although there were occasions when the process was inconsistent. Nitrification recovery was afforded by reseeding with a nitrifying sludge from a local wastewater treatment works (WWTW) or imposition of starvation conditions for a period of time. The sludge produced was used to carry out toxicity testing and results compared well with those using sludge from a WWTW. Overall, the use of sludge generated in the laboratory could be used for toxicity testing negating the need to resort to the use of natural WWTW sludge, which may contain a range of toxic substances due to uncontrolled industrial and domestic inputs and an unbalanced microbial consortium. 相似文献
43.
Anderson Ursula S.; Stoinski Tara S.; Bloomsmith Mollie A.; Maple Terry L. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,121(1):1
The ability to select the larger of two quantities ranging from 1 to 5 (relative numerousness judgment [RNJ[) and the ability to select the larger of two pairs of quantities with each pair ranging from 1 to 8 (summation) were evaluated in young, middle-aged, and older adult orangutans (7 Pongo pygmaeus abelii and 2 Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). Summation accuracy and RNJ were similar to those of previous reports in apes; however, the pattern of age-related differences with regard to these tasks was different from that previously reported in gorillas. Older orangutans were less accurate than the young and middle-aged for RNJ, and summation accuracy was equivalent among age groups. Evidence was found to suggest that the young and middle-aged based their selection of the largest quantity pair on both quantities within each pair during the summation task. These results show a relationship between subject age and the quantitative abilities of adult orangutans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
44.
Hanne Gottliebsen Ruth Hardy Olga Lightfoot Ursula Martin 《Formal Aspects of Computing》2013,25(6):993-1016
Real number theorem proving has many uses, particularly for verification of safety critical systems and systems for which design errors may be costly. We discuss a chain of developments building on real number theorem proving in PVS. This leads from the verification of aspects of an air traffic control system, through work on the integration of computer algebra and automated theorem proving to a new tool, NRV, first presented here that builds on the capabilities of Maple and PVS to provide a verified and automatic analysis of Nichols plots. This automates a standard technique used by control engineers and greatly improves assurance compared with the traditional method of visual inspection of the Nichols plots. 相似文献
45.
46.
Ursula Bentrup Jörg Radnik Udo Armbruster Andreas Martin Jork Leiterer Franziska Emmerling Angelika Brückner 《Topics in Catalysis》2009,52(10):1350-1359
A new setup is presented which enables simultaneous wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS/SAXS) and Raman spectroscopic
experiments during the synthesis of Mo-based mixed oxide catalyst precursors at the μ-spot beamline at the Berliner Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft
für Synchrotronstrahlung (BESSY). Furthermore, we report about the separate monitoring of the same reactions under comparable
conditions by simultaneous combined ATR/UV–vis/Raman spectroscopic measurements. For testing the performance of both experimental
setups two syntheses were described comprising the precipitation of metal molybdates by mixing solutions of metal nitrates
and ammonium heptamolybdate. Additionally, the effect of H3PO4 admixture on precipitation was investigated. The combined evaluation of spectroscopic and WAXS/SAXS data allows the discrimination
between different molybdate species appearing in solution and precipitate. Furthermore, these molybdate species could be assigned
to separate phases of different crystallinity. 相似文献
47.
We prove that any simplification order over arbitrary terms is an extension of an order by weight, by considering a related monadic term algebra called the spine. We show that any total ground-stable simplification order on the spine lifts to an order on the full term algebra. Conversely, under certain restrictions, a simplification ordering on the term algebra defines a weight function on the spine, which in turn can be lifted to a weight order on the original ground terms which contains the original order. We investigate the Knuth–Bendix and polynomial orders in this light. We provide a general framework for ordering terms by counting embedded patterns, which gives rise to many new orderings. We examine the recursive path order in this context. 相似文献
48.
In the dieless drawing technology the drawing dies are replaced by a heating device, generally by an induction coil. Bars of different cross-sections, round or even rectangular, with varying dimensions along the length can be produced. By using a cooling box in connection with the heating device this deformation process may also be employed for a thermomechanical treatment of steels. The special cooling strategy with low cooling rates at high temperatures (during ferrite formation) and higher cooling rates at lower temperatures favours the formation of multiphase microstructures (ferrite - bainite/martensite) with a low yield strength but a strong work hardening effect. The experiments were carried out on rods with a diameter of 16 mm of a plain low carbon steel (0.1%C, 0.7%Mn). The specimens were locally heated up to the maximum temperature ?max that initiates the dieless drawing process, and subsequently cooled with different coolants. The change in yield strength and tensile strength and the corresponding change in the ratio of both could be achieved by variation of ?max and the cooling conditions. The multiphase microstructure with desired mechanical properties was produced at a strain of about more than 0.45 within the region of ?max ≈ 900–1000°C and a finale cooling rate of about 20 K/s. 相似文献
49.
50.
与其他历史悠久的城市一样,丹麦首都哥本哈根市是有序和随意的规划设计共同作用的结果,它不仅继承了城市的人文建筑遗产,还体现了城市有机发展的过程.本项目位于哥本哈根市中心,紧挨着斯特罗里耶步行街. 相似文献