A type of transference based on identification with an abusing parent.

A type of transference is described in which the patient treats the therapist not as if the latter were his father or mother, but as if the therapist were the patient and the patient reenacts the role of mother and father. This usually occurs when the therapy session seems irritating, exhausting or anxiety-provoking; this is particularly frequent with borderline and schizophrenic patients. An awareness of the significance of this type of transference will allow the therapist to make an unpleasant therapeutic situation into a useful therapeutic intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Case systems for natural language

In many languages (e.g. Latin, Greek, Russian, Turkish, German) the relationship of a noun phrase to the rest of a sentence is indicated by altered forms of the noun. The possible relationships are called (surface) “cases”. Because (1) it is difficult to specify semantic-free selection rules for the cases, and (2) related phenomena based on prepositions or word order appear in apparently case-less languages, many have argued that studies of cases should focus on meaning, i.e. on “deep cases”.Deep cases bear a close relationship to the modifiers of a concept. In fact, one could consider a deep case to be a special, or distinguishing, modifier. Several criteria for recognizing deep cases are considered here in the context of the problem of describing an event. Unfortunately, none of the criteria serves as a completely adequate decision procedure. A notion based on the context-dependent “importance” of a relation appears as useful as any rule for selecting deep cases.A representative sample of proposed case systems is examined. Issues such as surface versus deep versus conceptual levels of cases, and the efficiency of the representations implicit in a case system are also discussed.     

Dependence of reproducing gap null on medium permeability and spacing

Experimental evidence and theoretical calculations show that the position of the reproducing gap null is influenced by the anisotropic permeability of the recording medium and the head-to-medium separation. Results indicate a stronger influence than expected from previous theory. The shift is typically 4 percent for a mean relative permeability of two and minimal head separation.     

Polyhydroxy flavonoid antioxidants for edible oils. structural criteria for activity

The antioxidant properties of a series of polyhydroxy flavonoids and related compounds have been evaluated. The results have been correlated with the structures of the compounds concerned, which hale been shown to Junction mainly as primary antioxidants. The ability of some such compounds to form complexes with copper has been demonstrated from a study of UV spectra and is probably a contributing factor to the stabilising effects of such compounds.Antioxidant activity is favoured by a multiplicity of phenolic hydroxyl groups and depends critically on the co-operation of the 4-carbonyl with either the 3- or the 5-hydroxyl groups. Dihydro-flavones are slightly more active than the corresponding flavones.     

Comparison of chemical and sensory methods of evaluating thermally oxidised groundnut oil

Seven chemical methods, namely peroxide value (PV), totox value (TV), anisidine value (AV), conjugable oxidation products (COP), oxodiene value (OV), induction period (IP), iodine value (IV) and a sensory analytical procedure (flavour score, FS) have been used in evaluating the oxidation state of groundnut oil heated at 100°C for varying lengths of time up to 20 h. As oxidation progressed, PV, TV, AV, COP and OV increased. IP and IV decreased with oxidation while FS showed a progressive deterioration on a seven-point scale from bland to very rancid. On the basis of sensitivity to oxidative changes, five of the methods (PV, TV, IP, IV and FS) were found to be satisfactory. However, the best correlation with flavour scores were obtained in the case of IP, IV and OV while AV and COP correlated poorly with FS. Three methods (PV, IP and IV) best satisfied the combined criteria of sensitivity to oxidative changes and correlation with flavour.     

Cooperation and competition in means-interdependent triads.

A task was presented to 40 male triads wherein the performance of each participant was maximally determined by the behavior of the other 2. 20 triads received cooperative instructions, 20 received competitive instructions. As predicted the differences between cooperative and competitive groups were particularly great in such a task: cooperative triads, as compared to competitive triads, were more rapid in solving the problem, evaluated fellow team members more favorably, showed less indication of hostility, were more attracted to the task, were more likely to develop leaders. In addition, and contrary to prediction, there was greater concern for personal performance in the cooperative triads. Hypotheses regarding concern for team performance, coalition formation, and the effects of interference with the operations of one member were not supported. (20 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The actor-observer asymmetry in attribution: A (surprising) meta-analysis.

The actor-observer hypothesis (E. E. Jones & R. E. Nisbett, 1971) states that people tend to explain their own behavior with situation causes and other people's behavior with person causes. Widely known in psychology, this asymmetry has been described as robust, firmly established, and pervasive. However, a meta-analysis on 173 published studies revealed average effect sizes from d = -0.016 to d = 0.095. A moderator analysis showed that the asymmetry held only when the actor was portrayed as highly idiosyncratic, when hypothetical events were explained, when actor and observer were intimates, or when free-response explanations were coded. In addition, the asymmetry held for negative events, but a reverse asymmetry held for positive events. This valence effect may indicate a self-serving pattern in attribution, but across valence, no actor-observer asymmetry exists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The 14-3-3 proteins positively regulate rapamycin-sensitive signaling

BACKGROUND: The kinase Tor is the target of the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin and is a member of the phosphatidylinositol kinase (PIK)-related kinase family. It plays an essential role in progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The molecular details of Tor signaling remain obscure, however. RESULTS: We isolated two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes, BMH1 and BMH2, as multicopy suppressors of the growth-inhibitory phenotype caused by rapamycin in budding yeast. BMH1 and BMH2 encode homologs of the 14-3-3 signal transduction proteins. Deletion of one or both BMH genes caused hypersensitivity to rapamycin in a manner that was dependent on gene dosage. In addition, alterations in the phosphopeptide-binding pocket of the 14-3-3 proteins had dramatically different effects on their ability to relieve the growth-arresting rapamycin phenotype. Mutations that prevented 14-3-3 from binding to a phosphoserine motif abolished its ability to confer rapamycin resistance. In contrast, substitution of two residues in 14-3-3 that surround these phosphoserine-binding sites conferred a dominant rapamycin-resistant phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies reveal 14-3-3 as an important component in rapamycin-sensitive signaling and provide significant new insights into the structure and function of 14-3-3 proteins.     

Self-editing deficits in schizophrenia: A word-association analogue.

Made contrasting predictions to differentiate a 1- from a 2-stage model of word-association performance in schizophrenia. 24 schizophrenics and 24 normals provided word associations in response to (a) "free" vs. "idiosyncratic" instructions, and (b) stimulus words that typically elicit either a strong dominant or several weak associations. Results confirm the 2-stage model: under idiosyncratic instructions, schizophrenics produced more common associations than normals. Findings were consistent with 2 assumptions pertinent to the 2-stage model: schizophrenics (a) sample from an underlying repertoire of nondeviant associations; and (b) are deficient in the ability to edit out sampled but situationally inappropriate associations, whether common or unusual. (18 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavior modification: A perspective on critical issues.

Discusses current behavior modification techniques, such as token economies, desensitization, and aversive therapy, and reviews the evidence on the efficacy of behavior modification. It is argued that the use of behavior modification has caused some individuals to express concern that these methods are manipulative and dehumanizing and that aversive techniques are especially subject to abuse. These issues are reviewed in terms of legitimate areas of concern and possible methods for developing safeguards to protect persons in behavior modification programs. Both the issues and the proposed solutions are applicable to all types of mental health programs. (41 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)