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81.
Ln2B2O7 (Ln=Sm, Eu, Gd and Tb; B=Zr or Ti) with pyrochlore structure was prepared by sol–gel method for the high-temperature catalytic combustion. The crystal structure of Ln2B2O7 was identified by XRD and their surface area was about 4 m2/g after calcinations at 1200 °C. Catalytic activity of methane combustion was observed for Ln2Zr2O7 series and the best catalyst was Sm2Zr2O7. Its relative reaction rate per unit surface area at 600 °C was 2 cm3/m2 min, which was twice higher than that of Mn-substituted Sr hexaaluminate. From surface analysis by XPS, the low binding energy of each Ln element of Ln2Zr2O7 compared to that of Ln2Ti2O7, gave the catalytic activity of methane combustion. 相似文献
82.
83.
Wolfgang Appelt 《Computer Standards & Interfaces》1988,7(4):377-385
The Office Document Architecture (ODA) is an International Standard which is developed by TC 97/sc 18 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in close collaboration with CCITT's Study Group VIII and with ECMA. This paper describes the current state of a formal specification of the ODA document structures by mathematical means and its use for conformance specification and conformance testing. 相似文献
84.
This paper presents the model of a k-out-of-n: G system with common mode outages. The objective is to analytically derive the mean operating mode between failures for a non-repairable component system. The average system failure time and the system availability are also considered. Then, the model is extended to a system with repairable components and unrestricted repair, in which service times are exponentially distributed. 相似文献
85.
86.
Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in SBR and SBBR with different ammonium loading rates 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Dong-Seog Kim No-Sung Jung Young-Seek Park 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2008,25(4):793-800
Laboratory scale experiments were conducted to study the deterioration of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) due
to influent ammonium concentration, and to compare the performance of two types of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems,
a conventional SBR and sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). Both in SBR and SBBR, the total nitrogen removal efficiency
decreased from 100% to 53% and from 87.5% to 54.4%, respectively, with the increase of influent ammonium concentration from
20 mg/l to 80 mg/l. When the influent ammonium concentration was as low as 20 mg/l (C: N: P=200: 20: 15), denitrifying glycogen-accumulating organisms (DGAOs) were successfully grown and activated by using
glucose as a sole carbon source in a lab-scale anaerobic-oxic-anoxic (A2O) SBR. In the SBR, due to the effect of incomplete denitrification and pH drop, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency
decreased from 77% to 33.3% when the influent ammonium concentration increased from 20 mg/l to 80 mg/l. However, in the SBBR, simultaneous nitrification/denitrification (SND) occurred, and the nitrification rate in the aerobic
phase did not change remarkably in spite of the increase in influent ammonium concentration. Phosphorus removal was not affected
by the increase of influent ammonium concentration. 相似文献
87.
Packed beds of fuel wood chips are commonly found in thermal conversion processes such as combustion or gasification. Wood chips in particular are mostly used as fuel for small-scale domestic heating boilers but also for commercial-scale combustion units. The characterization of spatial voidage distribution inside the wood chip beds is of great importance for flow and reactor modelling. This study focuses on the radial porosity variations of cylindrical beds of three different types of commercially available wood chips including chips classified as G30 size class. The conventional technique of consolidating packed beds with a resin was chosen as the experimental procedure. The radial voidage distribution in different cylindrical beds is determined by image analysis of sections of the solidified packings. Additionally, a packing of monosized spheres was investigated in order to assess the selected procedure in comparison with widely available literature data for spheres. The results are discussed and summarized in a mathematical expression correlating the radial voidage distribution depending on average wood chip size, packing core porosity and dimensionless distance from the tube wall. 相似文献
88.
A novel positive‐working photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) based on a poly(hydroxyimide) (PHI), a crosslinking agent having vinyl ether groups, and a photoacid generator (PAG) was prepared. The PHI as a base resin of the three‐component PSPI was synthesized from 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride and 2,2′‐bis(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane through ring‐opening polymerization and subsequent thermal cyclization. 2,2′‐bis(4‐(2‐(vinyloxy)ethoxy)phenyl)propane (BPA‐DEVE) was used as a vinylether compound and diphenyliodonium 5‐hydroxynaphthalene‐1‐sulfonate was used as a PAG. The phenolic hydroxyl groups of the PHI and the vinyl ether groups of BPA‐DEVE are thermally crosslinked with acetal structures during prebake step, and the crosslinked PHI becomes completely insoluble in an aqueous basic solution. Upon exposure to UV light (365 nm) and subsequent postexposure bake (PEB), a strong acid generated from the PAG cleaves the crosslinked structures, and the exposed area is effectively solubilized in the alkaline developer. The dissolution behavior of the PSPI containing each 11.5 wt % of BPA‐DEVE and of the PAG was studied after UV exposure (365 nm) and PEB. It was found that the difference in dissolution rates between exposed and unexposed areas was enough to get high resolution. A fine positive pattern with a resolution of 5 μm in a 3.7‐μm‐thick film was obtained from the three‐component PSPI. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
89.
90.
Christoph Böhringer Wolfgang Wiegard Collin Starkweather Anna Ruocco 《Computational Economics》2003,22(1):75-109
The double or even triple dividend hypothesis of green tax reforms has beena major issue of dispute in both the scientific community and the politicalarena during the last decade. Theoretical analysis has provided a number ofimportant qualitative insights to the debate but lacks of actual policyrelevance due to very restrictive assumptions. Applied research that takes thestep from stylized analytical to complex numerical models usually comes as ablackbox to non-expert modelers. This paper aims at bridging the gap betweenstylized theoretical work and numerical analysis. We develop a flexible,interactive simulation model which is accessible underhttp://brw.zew.de. Users can specify their own green tax reforms andevaluate the induced economic and environmental effects. Based on illustrativesimulations, we demonstrate the usefulness of our do-it-yourself approach fora better understanding of the double (triple) dividend hypothesis. 相似文献