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991.
Cecile?A.?M.?de?KleinEmail author Stewart?F.?Ledgard 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2005,72(1):77-85
In most countries, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions typically contribute less than 10% of the CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In New Zealand, however, this gas contributes 17% of the nation’s total GHG emissions
due to the dominance of the agricultural sector. New Zealand’s target under the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce GHG emissions
to 1990 levels. Currently total GHG emissions are 17% above 1990 levels. The single largest source of N2O emission in New Zealand is animal excreta deposited during grazing (80% of agricultural N2O emissions), while N fertilizer use currently contributes only 14% of agricultural emissions. Nitrogen fertilizer use has,
however, increased 4-fold since 1990. Mitigation strategies for reducing N2O emissions in New Zealand focus on (i) reducing the amount of N excreted to pasture, e.g. through diet manipulation; (ii)
increasing the N use efficiency of excreta or fertilizer, e.g. through grazing management or use of nitrification inhibitors;
or (iii) avoiding soil conditions that favour denitrification e.g. improving drainage and reducing soil compaction. Current
estimates suggest that, if fully implemented, these individual measures can reduce agricultural N2O emissions by 7–20%. The highest reduction potentials are obtained from measures that reduce the amount of excreta N, or
increase the N use efficiency of excreta or fertilizer. However, New Zealand’s currently used N2O inventory methodology will require refinement to ensure that a reduction in N2O emissions achieved through implementation of any of these mitigation strategies can be fully accounted for. Furthermore,
as many of these mitigation strategies also affect other greenhouse gas emissions or other environmental losses, it is crucial
that both the economic and total environmental impacts of N2O mitigation strategies are evaluated at a farm system’s level. 相似文献
992.
哈萨克斯拉夫图像文本经过行切分和列切分后,存在水平方向接触和垂直方向重叠的粘连字符。为提高字符识别率,依据字符连通域的最小外接矩形切分开垂直方向重叠的粘连字符图像块;利用判决条件:字符宽度概率密度分布图、字符图像块垂直投影的波峰数目和字符图像块垂直投影波峰的对称性,分离初始粘连字符图像块中正确的单个字符图像块和实际接触的粘连字符图像块;在允许的字符宽度范围内,寻找粘连字符图像垂直投影图的极小值点,以切分实际接触的粘连字符。实验结果表明,该方法泛化能力较好且识别率有明显提高。 相似文献
993.
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) has been recognized as an attractive therapeutic target because it is a nuclear hormone
receptor that controls the expression level of cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase, which in turn regulates bile acid production and
cholesterol excretion. To compare receptor activity between each domain and the full-length protein, human FXR cDNA was cloned
from a human liver cDNA library. Three human FXR cDNA, designated FXR20, FXR33, and FXR53 cDNA, were subcloned and ligated into a pET28a expression vector. Each protein was expressed in Escherichia coli (BL21) and purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid column chromatography. Approximately 5 mg of FXR33 (1–182 amino acids deleted from FXR, 37 kDa) and 2 mg of FXR53 (the full-length protein of FXR, 59 kDa) was purified from 1 L of Luria-Bertani culture, achieving at least 90% purity. The
coactivator recruitment assay for FXR activation was carried out with the three variants of the FXR protein by using dissociation-enhanced
lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay-europium-N1-labeled anti-His antibody. From an optimized assay, a saturated hyperbolic fluorescence signal curve was produced when 250
nM of FXR33 and 100 nM of steroid receptor coactivator-1 peptide, a coactivator of FXR consisting of 26 amino acids, were used with a
concentration dependence on chenodeoxycholic acid (from 0 to 200 μM). The ligand-binding domain of FXR (FXR33) was the most suitable protein for studying the activation of FXR with a fluorescence-based assay, because it showed better
structural stability than either the full length of FXR (FXR53) or the DNA-binding domain of FXR (FXR20). 相似文献
994.
For the purpose of synthesizing standards to be used in the quantification of TAG hydroperoxides, three TAG (1,2-dioleoyl-3-palmitoylglycerol,
1-oleoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-palmitoylglycerol, and triolein) monohydroperoxides were chemically synthesized as authentic specimens.
TAG were prepared by using a simple condensation in pyridine of glycerol and the corresponding acid chlorides. These TAG were
then converted into monohydroperoxides by a photosensitized peroxidation. The synthesized monohydroperoxides were analyzed
by normal-phase and RP-HPLC. The results of normal-phase HPLC analysis showed that monohydroperoxides from a corresponding
TAG were a mixture of regioisomers. In RP-HPLC, however, the regioisomers of monohydroperoxides were not separated and gave
a single peak, which may improve the sensitivity for the detection of TAG monohydroperoxides. In this study TAG monohydroperoxide
standards were synthesized; these will be useful for the study of yet unknown biological and pathological roles of TAG hydroperoxides. 相似文献
995.
Cem??zdemir Ayse?Nilgün?Akin Ramazan?YildirimEmail author 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2003,20(5):840-843
The maximization of the total surface area of Pt-SnO2/Al2O3 catalyst was studied by using the Taguchi method of experimental design. The catalysts were prepared by sol-gel method. The
effects of HNO3, H2O and aluminum nitrate concentrations and the stirring rate on the total surface area were studied at three levels of each.
L9 orthogonal array leading nine experiments was used in the experimental design. The parameter levels that give maximum total
surface area were determined and experimentally verified. In the range of conditions studied it was found that, medium levels
of HNO3 and H2O concentration and lower levels of aluminum nitrate concentration and stirring rate maximize the total surface area. 相似文献
996.
Statistical prediction of fracture parameters of concrete and implications for choice of testing standard 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This article shows how the fracture energy of concrete, as well as other fracture parameters such as the effective length of the fracture process zone, critical crack-tip opening displacement and the fracture toughness, can be approximately predicted from the standard compression strength, maximum aggregate size, water-cement ratio, and aggregate type (river or crushed). A database, consisting of 238 test data, is extracted from the literature and tabulated, and approximate mean prediction formulae calibrated by this very large data set are developed. A distinction is made between (a) the fracture energy, Gf, corresponding to the area under the initial tangent of the softening stress-separation curve of cohesive crack model, which governs the maximum loads of structures and is obtained by the size effect method (SEM) or related methods (Jenq-Shah two-parameter method and Karihaloo's effective crack model, ECM) and (b) the fracture energy, GF, corresponding to the area under the complete stress-separation curve, which governs large postpeak deflections of structures and is obtained by the work-of-fracture method (WFM) proposed for concrete by Hillerborg. The coefficients of variation of the errors in the prediction formulae compared to the test data are calculated; they are 17.8% for Gf and 29.9% for GF, the latter being 1.67 times higher than the former. Although the errors of the prediction formulae taking into account the differences among different concretes doubtless contribute significantly to the high values of these coefficients of variation, there is no reason for a bias of the statistics in favor of Gf or GF. Thus, the statistics indicate that the fracture energy based on the measurements in the maximum load region is much less uncertain than that based on the measurement of the tail of the postpeak load-deflection curve. While both Gf and GF are needed for accurate structural analysis, it follows that if the testing standard should measure, for the sake of simplicity, only one of these two fracture energies, then Gf is preferable. 相似文献
997.
In this work, ethylene was polymerized by using Cp2ZrCl2 supported on silica pretreated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) as the catalyst system. The influence of the conditions for the preparation of the heterogeneous catalyst, such as temperature, washing method of the catalytic solid, MAO and metallocene concentration in the support treatment, time of MAO, and metallocene immobilization on the support, type of alkylaluminum used in the support pretreatment, and calcination temperature of the support were investigated. Aluminum and zirconium content fixed on the silica surface were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Polymer characteristics were determined by gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. According to the results, the activity of some supported catalysts were far higher than with the homogeneous system. Moreover, polyethylene with very high molecular weights were also obtained and with molecular weight distribution larger than those produced with the homogeneous precursor. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2054–2061, 2002 相似文献
998.
In many studies on lipoxygenase catalysis, nonionic detergents are used to obtain an optically transparent solution of the
fatty acid substrate. In order to resolve some controversies that exist with regard to the interpretation of kinetic data
obtained with solutions containing nonionic detergents, a systematic investigation was undertaken into the effects of Lubrol,
Tween-20 and Triton X-100 (0–0.8 g/L) on the kinetics of linoleate (2.5–110 μM) dioxygenation, catalyzed by lipoxygenase-1
or lipoxygenase-2 from soybean, at pH 9 or 10, at 25°C. Under most conditions, it was found that the detergents slowed down
the reaction. However, at high linoleate concentrations, where substrate inhibition of lipoxygenase is significant, small
amounts of detergent increased the dioxygenation rate. In a quantitative analysis of the results, a kinetic model in which
the incorporation of linoleate in the detergent micelles is formulated as a simple reversible equilibrium, and in which both
lipoxygenase-1 and-2 interact with free linoleate, but not with linoleate incorporated in the micelles, appeared to be sufficient
to predict experimental results over a wide range of experimental conditions. According to this model, the changes in the
dioxygenation kinetics caused by the presence of nonionic detergents are similar (but not equal) to those caused by competitive
inhibitors. The conclusions that monomeric, nonmicellar linoleate is the preferred substrate for lipoxygenase and that the
observed inhibition and stimulation are solely due to changes in the effective linoleate concentration strongly corroborate
the earlier observations by Galpin and Allen [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 488 (1977), 392–401]. 相似文献
999.
Koji Watari Maria Cecilia Valecillos Manuel E. Brito Motohiro Toriyama Shuzo Kanzaki 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1996,79(12):3103-3108
Small amounts of Li2 O result in sintering in the AIN-Y2 O3 -CaO and AIN-CaO systems at firing temperatures <1600°C. The effect is ascribed to reduction of the liquidus temperature. Furthermore, Li2 O is removed by volatization at temperatures from 1300° to 1600°C, and its content decreases several ppm from the initial 0.3 wt%. Li2 O-doped AIN specimens containing Y2 O3 and CaO additives are well densified by firing at 1600°C for 6 h, and their thermal conductivity is 135 W. m−1. K−1 .The effect of Li2 O addition on sintering and thermal conductivity also is discussed through thermo-dynamic considerations. 相似文献
1000.
All experiments of pressure fluctuations were carried out in a bubble column with a moderately large column of 0.376 m ID.
The recently developed technique of wavelet packet transform based on localized wavelet functions is applicable to analysis
of the fluctuating signals. The time series of pressure fluctuation signals have been analyzed by means of wavelet packet
transform components, decomposition through best basis algorithm and timefrequency representation. By resorting to this technique,
the objects in bubbly flow regime have fine scales and frequencies than ones in churn-turbulent flow regime. Thus, this wavelet
packet transform method enables us to obtain the frequency content of local complex flow behaviors in a bubble column. 相似文献