In praise of poverty: the middle-class dwelling and asceticism in early twentieth-century Germany

This article examines the evolution of architectural asceticism in the capitalist economy by focusing on the middle-class dwelling in early twentieth-century Germany. It starts with an analysis of the concept of poverty in bourgeois imagination and how this concept played out in the Wilhelmine middle-class dwelling. Then the Wilhelmine design reform and the debate around the architect Heinrich Tessenow's austere architecture in the years leading up to the First World War are analysed to indicate how middle-class attitudes to poverty were changing. The final part focuses on the transformation of the ascetic discourse in architecture in the years of austerity during the war and its aftermath.     

Investigation of Conventional- and Induction-Sintered Iron and Iron-Based Powder Metal Compacts

Induction sintering was developed as an alternative method to conventional sintering to sinter iron-based powder metal (PM) compacts. Several compositions of compact such as pure iron, 3 wt.% copper mixed iron, or 3 wt.% bronze mixed iron were sintered by using induction sintering machines with 12 kW power and 30 kHz frequency. The mechanical properties, microstructural properties, densities, and microhardness values were investigated for both processes. Iron-based PM compacts sintered at 1120°C by induction in 8.33 min (500 s) were found to be similar to those sintered conventionally in 30 min. The results were compared with the experimental studies.     

Investigation of the carbonization behavior of hybrid poplar

Carbonization experiments of hybrid poplar samples were performed in a thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer to investigate the effect of carbonization conditions, such as heating rate, particle size and sweep gas flow rate on the biochar yield. During carbonization, samples were heated from room temperature to the temperature of 723 K in an inert atmosphere. A statistical design technique was applied by using a two-level factorial design matrix to elucidate the experimental results. It was obtained that the biochar yields of samples were changed depending on the carbonization conditions. Empirical relations between the biochar yield and the carbonization conditions were developed. Biochar yields of samples were decreased with the increasing heating rate and sweep gas flow rate and increased with the increasing particle size. Kinetic analysis of the carbonization TG curves was achieved by using three different methods of calculation; also, 19 different model equations of possible solid-state rate controlling mechanisms were considered. A computer program in BASIC which enables regression analysis was used to calculate kinetic parameters from experimental TG data. It was observed that the carbonization conditions and the method of calculation influenced the kinetic results obtained.     

Influence of quaternary ammonium compounds on the microbial reductive dechlorination of pentachloroaniline

The inhibitory effect of two widely used quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) – alkyl benzyl dimethyl (AB) and hexadecyl trimethyl (HD) ammonium chloride – on fermentation, methanogenesis and pentachloroaniline (PCA) dechlorination was assessed using a mixed, methanogenic, PCA-dechlorinating culture amended with AB or HD at a concentration range from 5 to 70 μM. PCA dechlorination was inhibited at 5 μM AB and was completely inhibited at 25 or 5 μM by AB or HD, respectively. However, the PCA dechlorination pathway was the same in both the QACs-free and QACs-amended culture series. Fermentation (acidogenesis) and methanogenesis were inhibited by both AB and HD at and above 25 μM but to a lesser degree than PCA dechlorination. Overall, HD resulted in a more severe inhibition of the mixed culture than AB. Adsorption of both QACs to the mixed culture biomass followed the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption affinity of HD for the mixed culture biomass was significantly higher than that of AB, which may be related to the observed higher inhibitory effects of HD compared to AB. Both AB and HD were not degraded in the mixed, dechlorinating culture used in this study.     

Understanding Cultural Interfaces in the Landscape: A Case Study of Ancient Lycia in the Turkish Mediterranean

Landscapes by definition include interactions between man and nature. Our actions, perceptions and beliefs create and shape the landscape over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate aspects of the Lycian landscape in the Turkish Mediterranean, testing an approach based on interpreting cultural interfaces. Interfaces between past and present, between man and nature, between culture and space and between the visual and the spiritual were evaluated in relation to a selection of specific landscape elements: ancient tombs and local vernacular structures. The Lycians constructed tombs to be their houses for the afterlife using the inspiration of their actual houses. The persistence and the continuity of the original design and construction techniques utilised in the tombs, still found today in granaries, beehives and chimneys, was explored in terms of the types of cultural interface. The results of the study showed that the authenticity of the Lycian landscape is a unique agreement between past and present on land sharing the same knowledge and forms, and in this respect cultural interface can be an instinctive communication tool between pattern, process and product in understanding the associative cultural values within the landscape that are worthy of conservation.     

Negative Permittivity of Polyaniline–Fe3O4 Nanocomposite

Polyaniline–Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite with and without ionic liquid were successfully synthesized via in situ polymerization using cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant. Both TG analysis and FT-IR measurements proved the presence of organic layer on the surface of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The influence of 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromide (BMIMBr) as ionic liquid on the structure, conductivity, and magnetic property of PANI–Fe₃O₄–CTAB nanocomposite were studied in detail. The results show that imidazolium-based ionic liquids BMIMBr acts as an anchor agent during the formation of PANI–Fe₃O₄–CTAB nanocomposite. Ionic liquid significantly deteriorated nanocomposite’s magnetic properties, and contributed to non-saturated M–H curve due to the disappearance of antiferromagnetic interactions. It has also an improving effect on AC and DC conductivities. The most important effect of IL is observed in real part of permittivity of PANI–Fe₃O₄–CTAB that it has negative high values at low frequency low temperature region. Due to the negative dielectric constant, material exhibits uncommon properties in electromagnetic waves scattering and attraction between similar charges. This possibility provokes research on these composites as high T superconductors, negative index materials and microwave absorbers.     

Thermal residual stresses in adhesively bonded in-plane functionally graded clamped circular hollow plates

This study investigates the effects of in-plane compositional gradient exponent and direction on the thermal residual stress and deformations in adhesively bonded functionally graded clamped circular plates. The material composition was assumed to vary with a power law along an in-plane direction not through the plate thickness direction. The transient heat conduction and Navier equations in polar coordinates describing the two-dimensional thermo-elastic problem were discretized using finite-difference method, and the set of linear equations were solved using the pseudo-singular-value method. The material composition direction is designed as Ceramic-Metal (CM)–CM, CM–Metal-Ceramic (MC), MC–CM, and MC–MC for the inner and outer plates. The temperature decreased radially along the plates, but exhibited a sharp decrease across the adhesive layer. The compositional gradient exponent and direction affected evidently temperature levels and heat transfer period. The compressive radial and shear strains are more effective on the deformation in the adhesive layer and the plate regions near the plate–adhesive interfaces. The adhesive layer is subjected to considerable shear deformations. The equivalent strain and stresses are very low in a large region of the plates but exhibit sharp peaks on the plate regions near the plate–adhesive interfaces, and decrease towards the adhesive interfaces. These stress and strain peaks in the plates and adhesive layer are affected by the compositional gradient and direction. For an outer edge flux, the largest equivalent strain and stresses are observed in the CM–MC joint but the lowest levels occur in the MC–CM or secondly CM–CM joint. In addition, an inner edge flux results in the lowest and highest peak strains and stresses in the MC–CM and CM–MC joints, respectively. The MC–MC and CM–CM joints result in lower temperature, stress and strain levels around the adhesive layer and along the adhesive interfaces for outer and inner edge fluxes, respectively.     

Polyaniline (PANI)–Co0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 nanocomposite: Synthesis,characterization and magnetic properties evaluation

Polyaniline (PANI)/Cobalt-manganese ferrite, (PANI)/Co_0.5Mn_0.5Fe₂O₄, nanocomposite was synthesized by oxidative chemical polymerization of aniline in the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS). Microwave assisted synthesis method was used for the fabrication of core CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles. The structural, morphological, thermal and magnetic properties of the nanocomposite were investigated in detail by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The average crystallite size of (PANI)/Co_0.5Mn_0.5Fe₂O₄ nanocomposite by the line profile method was 20±9 nm. The magnetization measurements revealed that (PANI)/Co_0.5Mn_0.5Fe₂O₄ nanocomposite has superparamagnetic behavior with blocking temperature higher than 300 K. The saturation magnetization of the composite is considerably low compared to that of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles due to the partial replacement of Co²⁺ ions and surface spin disorder. As temperature decreases, both coercivity and strength of antiferromagnetic interactions increase which results in unsaturated magnetization of the nanocomposite.