个人护理用擦拭巾市场

越来越多的消费者想通过擦拭巾的技术进步达到便捷的清洁方式,因此全球个人护理用擦拭巾生产商都设法保持自己的领先地位。很多人都热哀购买省时、使用方便和性能独特的擦拭巾,如清嗓子用和去烟味湿巾等人们以前从没想到的产品。并且,擦拭巾行业的生产商不仅努力实现产品创新,还不断地着手解决可冲散性这一极为重要的问题。     

Evaluation of Ti<Subscript>3</Subscript>Si Phase Stability from Heat-Treated,Rapidly Solidified Ti-Si Alloys

Ti-base alloys containing significant amounts of silicon have been considered for high temperature structural applications. Thus, information concerning phase stability on the Ti-Si system is fundamental and there are not many investigations covering the phase stability of the Ti₃Si phase, specially its dependence on oxygen/nitrogen contamination. In this work the stability of this phase has been evaluated through heat-treatment of rapidly solidified Ti-rich Ti-Si alloys at 700 °C and 1000 °C. The rapidly solidified splats presented nanometric scale microstructures which facilitated the attainment of equilibrium conditions. The destabilization of Ti₃Si due to oxygen/nitrogen contamination has been noted.     

Response of mice connective tissue to intracanal dressings containing chlorhexidine

Substances containing chlorhexidine (CHX) have been studied as intracanal medicaments. The aim of the present study was to characterize the response of mouse subcutaneous connective tissue to CHX‐containing medications by conventional optical microscopy. The tissue response was evaluated by implanting polyethylene tubes containing one of the substances evaluated: Calen paste + 0.5% CHX, Calen + 2% CHX, 2% CHX gel, and Calen paste (control). After experimental periods of 7, 21, and 63 days, the implants (n = 10) were removed along with the subcutaneous connective tissue. Tissue samples were subjected to histological processing, and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the number of inflammatory cells, blood vessels, and vascularized areas were performed. Results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests with the significance level set at 5%. We concluded that Calen + 0.5% CHX led to reparative tissue response in contrast with Calen + 2% CHX and 2% CHX gel, which induced persistent inflammatory response, pointing to the aggressive nature of this mixture. When Calen + 2% CHX and 2% CHX gel were compared, the latter induced more intense inflammatory response. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Lichen myxoedematosus associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection--report of two cases and review of the literature

The transportation produced in the apical and middle areas of 30 mesiobuccal root canals of human mandibular molars was evaluated after circumferential instrumentation using stainless steel K-files (group A), nickel-titanium K-files (group B), and clockwise/counterclockwise file rotation using Flexogates (group C). The canals were instrumented with files #15 to #35 in size. Apical transportation was assessed radiographically while that occurring in the middle area was studied microscopically in cross-sections. Although apical transportation was greatest in the canals of group A, this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). With respect to the middle area of the root canal, considerable transportation was observed in 7 of the 30 instrumented roots. Of these, five belonged to group A and two to group B, a difference which was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The best results for transportation in the middle area of the canal were obtained in group C, in which no transportation occurred. This difference was significant when compared with the transportation observed in group A (P = 0.02) but not with that in group B (P > 0.05).     

High-field-induced degradation in ultra-thin SiO2 films

Very thin thermal oxides are shown to exhibit a failure mode that is undetected by conventional breakdown tests. This failure mode appears in the form of excessive leakage current at low field and is induced by high-field stresses. The stress-induced oxide leakage is permanent and stable with time and thermal annealing. It becomes the dominant failure mode of thin oxides because it always precedes destructive breakdown. Experimental results and theoretical calculations show that the leakage current is not caused by positive charge generation and accumulation in the oxide. It is proposed that the oxide leakage originates from localized defect-related weak spots where the insulator has experienced significant deterioration from electrical stress. The leakage conduction mechanism appears to be thermally assisted tunneling through the locally reduced injection barrier, and the model seems to be consistent with both I-V measurements at temperatures from 77 K to 250°C and theoretical calculations     

Mechanical behavior of high impact polystyrene based on SBR copolymers: Part I

The dynamic mechanical properties of a series of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) with a rubber phase based on styrene and butadiene (SBR) were studied. The variation of E′ and tan δ as a function of initiator, chain transfer agent (CTA), and SBR concentration, as well as the polybutadiene (PB) content in SBR, during the synthesis of HIPS were evaluated. For the range of concentrations studied, it was found that E′ decreased with an increase in the initiator and/or CTA concentration, as well as with an increase in the SBR content in HIPS and PB content in SBR, independently of the type of rubber phase particle obtained. In the case of tan δ, it showed a minor peak at ?80 ± 10°C, which decreased in magnitude and shifted to lower temperatures with the initiator concentration, but increased with an increase in the PB content in the rubber phase. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that in most cases the particle size of the rubber phase was between 0.15 and 0.25 μm, except for those HIPS samples that contained SBR with 90 wt% of PB, in which it was much larger (0.45–1.15 μm). In the latter case it was found that the modulus decreased with the PB content, and decreased further and perceptibly with increasing particle size. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:1288–1296, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Detection and quantitation of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) using minigenome cDNA and a Sindbis virus replicon: a prototype assay for negative-strand RNA viruses

African trypanosomes undergo antigenic variation of their variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat to avoid being killed by their mammalian hosts. The active VSG gene is located in one of many telomeric expression sites. Replacement of the VSG gene in the active site or switching between expression sites can give rise to a new VSG coat. To study Trypanosoma brucei VSG expression site inactivation rather than VSG gene switching, it is useful to have an in vitro negative-selection system independent of the VSG. We have achieved this aim by using a viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Following integration of the TK gene downstream of the 221a VSG expression site promoter, transformant cell lines became sensitive to the nucleoside analog 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-8-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil. These TK trypanosomes were able to revert to resistance at a rate approaching 10(-5) per cell per generation. The majority of revertants expressed a new VSG gene even though there had been no selection against the VSG itself. Analysis of these switched variants showed that some had shut down TK expression via an in situ expression site switch. However, most variants had the complete 221 expression site deleted and another VSG expression site activated. We speculate that a new VSG expression site cannot switch on without inactivation of the old site.     

Evolving rule induction algorithms with multi-objective grammar-based genetic programming

Multi-objective optimization has played a major role in solving problems where two or more conflicting objectives need to be simultaneously optimized. This paper presents a Multi-Objective grammar-based genetic programming (MOGGP) system that automatically evolves complete rule induction algorithms, which in turn produce both accurate and compact rule models. The system was compared with a single objective GGP and three other rule induction algorithms. In total, 20 UCI data sets were used to generate and test generic rule induction algorithms, which can be now applied to any classification data set. Experiments showed that, in general, the proposed MOGGP finds rule induction algorithms with competitive predictive accuracies and more compact models than the algorithms it was compared with.

A Heterotypic Tridimensional Model to Study the Interaction of Macrophages and Glioblastoma In Vitro

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor, and macrophages account for 30–40% of its composition. Most of these macrophages derive from bone marrow monocytes playing a crucial role in tumor progression. Unraveling the mechanisms of macrophages-GBM crosstalk in an appropriate model will contribute to the development of specific and more successful therapies. We investigated the interaction of U87MG human GBM cells with primary human CD14⁺ monocytes or the THP-1 cell line with the aim of establishing a physiologically relevant heterotypic culture model. Methods: primary monocytes and THP-1 cells were cultured in the presence of U87MG conditioned media or co-cultured together with previously formed GBM spheroids. Monocyte differentiation was determined by flow cytometry. Results: primary monocytes differentiate to M2 macrophages when incubated with U87MG conditioned media in 2-dimensional culture, as determined by the increased percentage of CD14⁺CD206⁺ and CD64⁺CD206⁺ populations in CD11b⁺ cells. Moreover, the mitochondrial protein p32/gC1qR is expressed in monocytes exposed to U87MG conditioned media. When primary CD14⁺ monocytes or THP-1 cells are added to previously formed GBM spheroids, both invade and establish within them. However, only primary monocytes differentiate and acquire a clear M2 phenotype characterized by the upregulation of CD206, CD163, and MERTK surface markers on the CD11b⁺CD14⁺ population and induce alterations in the sphericity of the cell cultures. Conclusion: our results present a new physiologically relevant model to study GBM/macrophage interactions in a human setting and suggest that both soluble GBM factors, as well as cell-contact dependent signals, are strong inducers of anti-inflammatory macrophages within the tumor niche.     

Experimental design applied to the development of a copper direct determination method in gasoline samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

The aim of this work was to develop an experimental design to optimize the direct determination of copper in gasoline by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimization of the process was carried out firstly by evaluating the variables in the procedure (pyrolysis time and temperature, atomization temperature and sample volume) using a factorial design (2⁴). The response surface was constructed and it presented pyrolysis optimal temperature on 800 °C, sample volume of 30 μL using the atomization temperature of 2500 °C. The amount of copper in the gasoline samples from São Luis City (Brazil) varied from 3.65 to 16.21 μg L^− 1, with 0.65 and 1.9 μg L^− 1 as detection limit and quantification limit, respectively. Accuracy was evaluated by a comparative procedure and the results proved the viability of copper direct determination in fuel samples.