Identification of the sheep homologue of the monocyte cell surface molecule--CD14

An ovine monocyte/macrophage cell surface antigen was recognized by three mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) VPM65, VPM66 and VPM67. These mAbs also reacted with bovine cells. The antibodies immunoprecipitated a single, glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked polypeptide of M(r) 55,000 which, when deglycosylated, was reduced to M(r) 53,000. They reacted strongly with peripheral blood monocytes, alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood granulocytes, and weakly with afferent lymph dendritic cells. They also reacted with macrophages in many different tissues but were non-reactive with lymphocytes. Competitive flow cytometry shows that these three mAbs recognize the same or a closely related epitope of a single antigen. An antigen-specific capture ELISA using the anti-human CD14 mAb (TUK4) revealed that all four mAbs associate with the same antigen. These data demonstrate that the mAbs react with the ovine homologue of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-LPS binding protein receptor, CD14.     

A female advantage in cognitive recovery from early cerebral insult.

Gender differences in cognitive outcome were examined in children born prematurely who had incurred early cerebral lesions and in a high-risk comparison group. The boys and girls, who had suffered perinatal intracranial hemorrhage (the most common neurological insult in the preterm infant) were similar in their antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal course, as well as in their sociofamilial attributes. After statistical adjustment to account for the extent of the insult, a significant gender difference in cognitive recovery was observed in the lesion group. Girls outperformed boys by about half a standard deviation on standardized intelligence tests. No gender differences were observed in the comparison group. The implications of the results for theories and empirical findings on gender differences in vulnerability to deviation from normal development are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Heterodimeric neurotrophins induce phosphorylation of Trk receptors and promote neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells

Neurotrophins are a family of highly conserved proteins that affect the development and maintenance of distinct neuronal populations. Neurotrophins exist in vivo as homodimers, but we show that neurotrophins can exist as heterodimers in vitro and are pluripotent, being able to bind and to activate different Trk tyrosine kinase receptors as well as promote neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells as effectively as wild type homodimers. These asymmetric neurotrophin dimers allow unique characterization of neurotrophin structure-function relationships with Trk receptors. The chimeric Trk activities of these heterodimers suggest an alternative model of neurotrophin-Trk receptor activation in which the critical Trk-interacting elements may be attributed to a single protomer.     

Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from captive and free-ranging animals

c-myc gene abnormalities associated with lymphomagenesis, including rearrangements and mutations in the regulatory region between exon I and intron I, have been studied in 54 MALT lymphomas (43 low and 11 high grade) and 36 nodal lymphomas (27 low and 9 high grade). By Southern blot analysis, none of the 54 MALT lymphomas but 2 of 36 nodal lymphomas had c-myc gene rearrangements. Defined tumour cell populations from all MALT lymphoma cases were isolated by microdissection from frozen tissue sections and analysed by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and direct sequencing for somatic mutations in the exon I/intron I region of the gene. Point mutations in this region were identified in nine cases of MALT lymphomas (7/43 = 16.2 per cent of low grade; 2/11 = 18.1 per cent of high grade). These mutations were located at either the exon I/intron I border of myc intron factor (MIF) binding sites, which are critical in the negative regulation of c-myc expression. Of the nodal lymphomas, only the two cases (5-6 per cent) with c-myc gene rearrangement showed scattered or clustered mutations. These results suggest that c-myc mutations in MALT lymphomas are unlikely to be associated with chromosome translocation, which is the main cause of somatic mutations observed in other types of lymphomas. The mutations involving the c-myc regulatory regions may play a pathogenetic role in at least a proportion of MALT lymphomas.     

Implementation of clinical guidelines using a computer charting system. Effect on the initial care of health care workers exposed to body fluids

CONTEXT: While clinical guidelines are considered an important mechanism to improve the quality of medical care, problems with implementation may limit their effectiveness. Few empirical data exist about the effect of computer-based systems for application of clinical guidelines on quality of care. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether real-time presentation of clinical guidelines using an electronic medical record can increase compliance with guidelines. DESIGN: Prospective off-on-off, interrupted time series with intent-to-treat analysis. SETTING: University hospital emergency department. SUBJECTS: Patients were 280 health care workers (50 in the baseline control phase, 156 in the intervention phase, and 74 in the postintervention control phase) who presented for initial treatment of occupational body fluid exposures, including 89% (248/280) who sustained punctures and 81% (208/257) who were exposed to blood. Physicians included resident physicians and attending physicians working in the emergency department during the study. INTERVENTIONS: Implementation of a computer charting system that provides real-time information regarding history and recommendations for laboratory testing, treatment, and disposition based on rules derived from clinical guidelines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Quality of care as determined by essential items documented in the medical record and in aftercare instructions, compliance with testing and treatment guidelines, and total charges and percentage of charges attributable to guideline-endorsed activities. RESULTS: Mean percent documentation of 7 essential items regarding patient history in the medical record increased from 57% during the baseline period to 98% in the intervention phase (42% increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 34%-49%) and 11 items in aftercare instruction increased from 31 % at baseline to 93% during the intervention phase (62% increase; 95% CI, 51%-74%), but both decreased to baseline when the computer system was removed. Percent compliance with 4 laboratory testing guidelines increased from 63% at baseline to 83% during the intervention phase (20% increase; 95% CI, 9%-31 %) but decreased to 52% when the computer system was removed. Compliance with 5 treatment guidelines increased from 83% at baseline to 96% during the intervention phase (13% increase; 95% CI, 9%-17%) and decreased to 84% following the intervention. Percentage of charges incurred for indicated laboratory tests and treatment increased from 44% at baseline to 81% during the intervention phase (37% increase; 95% CI, 22%-52%) and decreased to 36% following the intervention. Average total per-patient charges were $460, $384, and $373 in each phase, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a computer-based system for clinical guidelines for management of patients with occupational exposure to body fluids improved documentation, compliance with guidelines, and percentage of charges spent on indicated activities, while decreasing overall charges. The parameters returned to baseline when the computer system was removed.     

Improving patient care by reporting problems with medical devices

Healthcare practitioners are the primary users of medical devices for direct patient care. As such, they are in the best position to recognize problems that result from the use of medical devices. The outcome of a device-related adverse event or product problem, as with any other medical product, can be serious and result in illness injury, or even death. The sooner that FDA learns about a problem, the sooner the agency can take action to protect patient and user safety. Healthcare practitioners are major contributors to the knowledge base related to device use and safety through astute monitoring, rapid identification of device-related problems, and reporting these problems. An understanding of the voluntary and mandatory mechanism of reporting will ensure that device problems are reported appropriately and in a timely manner. As the primary users of medical equipment for direct patient care, health care professionals have the training and expertise to improve patient care by reporting actual and suspected problems with medical devices.     

Assignment of the dynamin-1 gene (DNM1) to human chromosome 9q34 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrid analysis

The dynamins are recently discovered GTP-binding proteins postulated to mediate the scission of clathrin-coated vesicles at the plasma membrane. Of the three known mammalian dynamins, dynamin-1 (DNM1) appears to be particularly important for the formation of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic nerve termini. To investigate the possibility that mutations in the DNM1 gene cause a human disease, we determined the chromosomal localization of human DNM1. We conclude from fluorescence in situ hybridization and from the analysis of somatic cell hybrids that the map position in 9q34. This region has syntenic homology with mouse chromosome 2p, in agreement with the map position of the mouse DNM1 gene [see accompanying article by Klocke et al. (1997, Genomics 41:290-292)]. We discuss the potential relevance of the human DNM1 localization to diseases that were mapped genetically to the same chromosomal region.     

Heparin and cancer

Thirty-two elite junior athletes in two age categories, older than or equal to 15 years old (O15) (8 females and 9 males) and less than 15 years old (U15) (8 females and 7 males), performed a laboratory-based duathlon (run-ride-run). At the completion of the event, significant body mass losses were recorded for all groups. Compared with the other three groups, the O15 males lost body mass at a greater absolute rate (1.26 +/- 0.06 kg.hr-1 vs. a mean of 0.62 +/- 0.11 kg.hr-1 for the other three groups) and a greater relative rate (1.95 +/- 0.10%BM.hr-1 vs. a mean of 1.23 +/- 0.19%BM.hr-1 for the other three groups) (p < .05). No differences were observed between groups for fluid consumption. Subjects consumed more fluid (p < .05) during the cycle phase and postevent than preevent or during the run phases. Results indicated that the athletes' fluid intake practices were insufficient to maintain adequate hydration during the simulated event.