The burst factor and its impact on buffer performance

In this contribution we introduce the burst factor, which is defined in a general setting, and quantifies the long-term variability, or burstiness, of a packet source. By means of a combination of analytic and simulation results, we will demonstrate that this parameter plays an important role in the calculation of the moments of the amount of work in a buffer, both in a scenario where (a superposition of) MPEG-4 video traces are used as input of the buffer, as well as when the (correlated) arrivals are generated by a stochastic model. As such, the burst factor is a key parameter for buffer dimensioning purposes.     

Quantitative Determination of C60 and C70 in Soot Extracts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometric Characterization

Abstract

A quantitative HPLC method was applied to determine the amounts of C₆₀ and C₇₀ present in extracts of soot produced in the electric arc reactor and in flames. The combustion method was found to yield a higher C₇₀/C₆₀ ratio (0.67) compared with the evaporation experiment where the C₇₀/C₆₀ ratio amounts to 0.27.     

Formation kinetics of hydroxymethylfurfural, lactulose and furosine in milk heated under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions

A detailed kinetic study of hydroxymethylfurfural, lactulose and furosine formation was performed upon heating milk at temperatures between 90 degrees C and 140 degrees C. In case of prolonged heating, formation kinetics could be described by a fractional conversion model. Considering only the first phase of the model, kinetics could be simplified to a pseudo-zero order model. A first assessment of kinetic parameters was made by isothermal experiments. Data were analysed using both a 2-step linear and a 1-step non-linear regression method. Only for furosine, did the global 1-step regression approach seem to give better results than the individual 2-step regression approach. Next, the estimated parameters k(ref) and Ea were re-evaluated under non-isothermal conditions by subjecting milk to a time variable temperature profile. Given the complexity of Maillard reaction, it seemed better to estimate kinetic parameters under non-isothermal conditions when using a simplified model. Formation of hydroxymethylfurfural, lactulose and furosine was characterized by an Ea value of 90.2 kJ/mol (k(110 degrees C) = 1.2 micromol/l, min), 99.1 kJ/mol (k(110 degrees C) = 51.5 mg/l, min) and 88.7 kJ/mol (k(110 degrees C) = 16.3 mg/100 g protein, min) respectively. Additionally, 90% joint confidence regions were constructed in order to obtain an accurate representation of the statistical confidence associated with the simultaneously estimated parameters.     

Effect of linseed feeding at similar linoleic acid levels on the fatty acid composition of double-muscled Belgian Blue young bulls

The effect of including linseed [extruded (EL) or crushed (CL)] instead of whole soybeans (S) in the finishing diet of double-muscled Belgian Blue young bulls on the fatty acid composition of the longissimus thoracis, triceps brachii and subcutaneous fat was investigated. The dietary supply of C18:2n-6 was similar in the three diets, while in the EL and CL diet the supply of C18:3n-3 was equal. No effects of diet on the saturated, monounsaturated and branched chain fatty acids were found. Including linseed in place of whole soybeans increased the total intramuscular n-3 fatty acid content significantly, mainly as C18:3n-3, while no significant effect on the total and individual n-6 fatty acid incorporation was observed in the intramuscular fat. As a consequence of the higher n-3 content, the n-6/n-3 ratio was decreased by linseed feeding. In contrast with the intramuscular fat, the subcutaneous fat showed a significantly increased C18:3n-3 proportion accompanied by a significantly decreased C18:2n-6 proportion when linseed was fed. Diet did not influence the c9t11CLA content in the intramuscular or the subcutaneous fat.     

Kinetics of hydroxymethylfurfural,lactulose and furosine formation in milk with different fat content

In the context of the general applicability of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), lactulose and furosine as time-temperature integrators (TTIs) for thermal processing of milk, the influence of milk fat content was studied. Formation kinetics were analysed for milk with fat content of 4.0 +/- <0.1%. In previous experiments, it was observed that, under isothermal and non-isothermal heating conditions, formation of the three chemical compounds could be described by pseudo-zero order kinetics. Since the kinetic model was known, the experimental design could be simplified. Data were analysed by a non-linear regression procedure and results were evaluated by construction of joint confidence regions and temperature time tolerance (TTT-) diagrams. Formation kinetics of HMF and lactulose was not affected by milk fat content. Regarding furosine, significant differences were observed between kinetic parameters in whole, semi-skimmed and skimmed milk. The observed differences however were negligible in the context of process impact evaluation.     

RTS noise due to lateral isolation related defects in submicron nMOSFETs

The results of a systematic study of the random telegraph signal (RTS) fluctuations in submicron W-array n metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (nMOSFETs) are presented and analysed. These results include the dependency of the RTS amplitude and of the capture and emission time constants, measured both in the standard transistor and in the diode configuration, on the gate, drain and substrate voltage. For the latter configuration, the drain-substrate (or source-substrate) diode of the transistor is forward biased. Application of this technique for measuring RTS noise allows us to distinguish the drain (source) traps from the well-known channel traps. It is found that besides the classical channel-related RTSs, another type occurs which is associated with lateral isolation related (or edge-related) oxide defects, located near the drain or the source contact. As will be shown, the coulomb blockade significantly affects the capture and emission kinetics of these defects. The specific properties of such RTSs are studied in detail, as they may reveal useful information on their identification.     

Temporal Changes of Fischer–Tropsch Activity and Selectivity Using Ruthenium

Ruthenium as a catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis has been studied for investigating initial selectivity changes and the effect of reaction temperature. At low temperatures and steady state, almost no side reactions such as chain branching and olefin isomerization were obtained, indicating an effective kinetic suppression of these reactions at these conditions, whereas at initial stages of the synthesis, spatial constraints in the kinetic regime still allow for these reactions to take place. In this regard, ruthenium resembles processes of selforganization obtained on catalysts containing cobalt or nickel.     

Thermal coupling in integrated circuits: application to thermaltesting

The power dissipated by the devices of a circuit can be construed as a signature of the circuit's performance and state. Without disturbing the circuit operation, this power consumption can be monitored by temperature measurements of the silicon die surface via built-in differential temperature sensors. In this paper, dynamic and spatial thermal behavioral characterization of VLSI MOS devices is presented using laser thermoreflectance measurements and on-chip differential temperature sensing circuits. A discussion of the application of built-in differential temperature measurements as an IC test strategy is also presented     

"Linear kink effect" induced by electron valence band tunneling in ultrathin gate oxide bulk and SOI MOSFETS

In this paper, evidence will be provided for the existence of a new class of floating body effects, occurring in SOI and bulk MOSFETs in the linear operation regime and called here the linear kink effects (LKEs). It will be shown that for a sufficiently large front-gate voltage V/sub G/, the transconductance g/sub m/ exhibits a second peak, both for n- and p-channel devices. The effect is most pronounced for partially depleted (PD) n-MOSFETs or bulk MOSFETs at cryogenic temperatures. It occurs as well in fully depleted (FD) transistors, with the back-gate preferably biased into accumulation. Associated with the LKE in the drain current, there is a strong increase of the low-frequency noise spectral density S/sub I/. Similar as for the impact-ionization related noise overshoot, it is observed that the nature of the spectrum changes from 1/f-like to Lorentzian in the LKE region. It is finally shown that the switching off transients change their sign from negative to positive for V/sub G on/ above the LKE threshold, giving evidence for the presence of majority carriers in the film during the ON phase.     

Body potential analysis of ultra thin gate oxide FD-SOI MOSFETs in accumulation mode operation

A new method for body potential estimation of ultra thin gate oxide fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator MOSFETs in accumulation mode operation is presented. The impact of the back gate voltage, gate length and drain voltage on the body potential is investigated. The magnitude of the Electron Valence Band gate tunneling-induced 2nd peak of the transconductance, characteristic of these ultra thin gate oxide FD SOI MOSFETs, is analyzed in terms of body potential changes and front gate characteristics shifts. Finally, a decrease of the body potential for strong accumulation back gate biases is revealed and discussed.