The Bulk Production Of Colour Prints

Some indication of the use of Phenidone in PQ developer systems in large scale motion picture laboratory practice is given. Various characteristics, which were examined on a plant scale before MQ systems were abandoned in favour of PQ systems, are discussed; the stabilities and economics of the two systems are compared.     

Insect adhesion on rough surfaces: analysis of adhesive contact of smooth and hairy pads on transparent microstructured substrates

Insect climbing footpads are able to adhere to rough surfaces, but the details of this capability are still unclear. To overcome experimental limitations of randomly rough, opaque surfaces, we fabricated transparent test substrates containing square arrays of 1.4 µm diameter pillars, with variable height (0.5 and 1.4 µm) and spacing (from 3 to 22 µm). Smooth pads of cockroaches (Nauphoeta cinerea) made partial contact (limited to the tops of the structures) for the two densest arrays of tall pillars, but full contact (touching the substrate in between pillars) for larger spacings. The transition from partial to full contact was accompanied by a sharp increase in shear forces. Tests on hairy pads of dock beetles (Gastrophysa viridula) showed that setae adhered between pillars for larger spacings, but pads were equally unable to make full contact on the densest arrays. The beetles'' shear forces similarly decreased for denser arrays, but also for short pillars and with a more gradual transition. These observations can be explained by simple contact models derived for soft uniform materials (smooth pads) or thin flat plates (hairy-pad spatulae). Our results show that microstructured substrates are powerful tools to reveal adaptations of natural adhesives for rough surfaces.     

pH control for enhanced reductive bioremediation of chlorinated solvent source zones

Enhanced reductive dehalogenation is an attractive treatment technology for in situ remediation of chlorinated solvent DNAPL source areas. Reductive dehalogenation is an acid-forming process with hydrochloric acid and also organic acids from fermentation of the electron donors typically building up in the source zone during remediation. This can lead to groundwater acidification thereby inhibiting the activity of dehalogenating microorganisms. Where the soils' natural buffering capacity is likely to be exceeded, the addition of an external source of alkalinity is needed to ensure sustained dehalogenation. To assist in the design of bioremediation systems, an abiotic geochemical model was developed to provide insight into the processes influencing the groundwater acidity as dehalogenation proceeds, and to predict the amount of bicarbonate required to maintain the pH at a suitable level for dehalogenating bacteria (i.e., > 6.5). The model accounts for the amount of chlorinated solvent degraded, site water chemistry, electron donor, alternative terminal electron-accepting processes, gas release and soil mineralogy. While calcite and iron oxides were shown to be the key minerals influencing the soil's buffering capacity, for the extensive dehalogenation likely to occur in a DNAPL source zone, significant bicarbonate addition may be necessary even in soils that are naturally well buffered. Results indicated that the bicarbonate requirement strongly depends on the electron donor used and availability of competing electron acceptors (e.g., sulfate, iron (III)). Based on understanding gained from this model, a simplified model was developed for calculating a preliminary design estimate of the bicarbonate addition required to control the pH for user-specified operating conditions.     

Regenerative design,socio-ecological systems and co-evolution

A key notion in regenerative design is the co-evolutionary, partnered relationship between socio-cultural and ecological systems, which requires an explicit engagement with the implications and consequences of future design decisions. However, despite the extensive literature in other disciplines regarding the co-evolution of socio-cultural and ecological systems, this approach has yet to receive serious scrutiny within the context of the built environment and within the emerging notions of regenerative development and design. Drawing on an interdisciplinary body of literature, a discussion is initiated on how socio-cultural and ecological systems and their co-evolution might connect to the concept of regenerative design. Following a critique of a relevant example highlighting the current practice of regenerative design, the new building for the Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, potentially relevant aspects of a socio-ecological system and of evolution theories are examined for the built environment. Several observations are presented on how these may offer a stronger theoretical framing of regenerative design, particularly the shifts in design thinking: from buildings as artefacts to their dynamic role in adaptive processes over time; widening the boundary focus of a building from its site to the neighbourhood.

Une notion clé du design régénérateur est la relation coévolutionnaire de partenariat entre les systèmes socioculturels et écologiques, ce qui nécessite un engagement explicite à l'égard des implications et des conséquences des futures décisions en matière de design. Cependant, malgré la vaste littérature existant dans les autres disciplines concernant la coévolution des systèmes socioculturels et écologiques, cette approche doit encore faire l'objet d'un examen sérieux dans le contexte de l'environnement bâti et sous l'angle des notions émergentes de développement et de design régénérateurs. En s'appuyant sur un corpus interdisciplinaire de publications, une discussion est amorcée sur la manière dont les systèmes socioculturels et écologiques et leur coévolution pourraient être reliés au concept de design régénérateur. Après une critique portant sur un exemple pertinent mettant en évidence les pratiques actuelles du design régénérateur, le nouveau bâtiment du Centre de Recherche Interactive sur le Développement Durable de l'Université de Colombie Britannique, à Vancouver, sont examinés les aspects potentiellement pertinents d'un système socioécologique et des théories évolutionnistes, s'agissant de l'environnement bâti. Plusieurs observations sont présentées quant à la manière dont ceux-ci peuvent offrir un cadre théorique plus solide au design régénérateur, concernant en particulier les changements intervenant dans la façon de penser le design : des bâtiments envisagés en tant qu'artéfacts à leur rôle dynamique dans les processus adaptatifs au fil du temps, et un bâtiment dont les limites ne se focalisent plus sur son site, mais sont élargies à son quartier.

Mots clés: environnement bâti, coévolution, cadres conceptuels, évolution, design régénérateur, systèmes socioécologiques     

Rational Optimization of Dihydropyrimidinone-Quinoline Hybrids as Plasmodium falciparum Glutathione Reductase Inhibitors

A series of dihydropyrimidinone-based antimalarial compounds were designed and synthesised based on the previously identified amide-based quinoline hybrids which showed good resistance reversal ability against the resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The aromatic ring on the dihydropyrimidinone of the original hits was exchanged for a methyl group to bring the molecular weights below 500 Da and also determine the effect of the aromatic ring count on the resistance reversal ability of the hybrids. Apart from the previously used amide bond, the hybrid linker was also extended to the triazole linker. Although the triazole linker is synthetically easier to access, the use of an amide linker seems to have an activity advantage. The synthesised compounds in addition to the previously identified hits were subjected to molecular docking particularly targeting the orthosteric site of Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase (PfGR) protein. The ligand with the best binding interaction was rationally optimised to increase its suitability as a competitive inhibitor against the cofactor of the PfGR. Two of the optimised ligands showed better binding affinities than the cofactor while one of the two ligands displayed hydrophobically packed correlated hydrogen-bond which is very important in maintaining the ligand stability within the protein. In silico ADME predictions of the synthesised compounds indicate that these compounds possess good pharmacokinetic properties.     

Water Quality Improvement by Combined UF,RO, and Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide System (HiPOx) in the Water Reclamation Process

Conventional water reclamation processes, such as membrane bioreactors, are not always effective in removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and/or N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), even with the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane process. A study was conducted, at a NEWater factory in Singapore, to compare a conventional ultrafiltration (UF) membrane /RO treatment process with a treatment train having the HiPOx unit, an advanced oxidation process (AOP), which was installed between the UF and the RO unit operations. By incorporating the HiPOx into the UF/RO treatment process, following results were observed; 1) increased removal of PPCPs, EDCs and NDMA, 2) improvement in ultraviolet transmission (UVT) of the RO permeate, 3) enhanced removal of TOC and color, and increased UVT of the RO brine, 4) suppression of the increase in the RO transmembrane pressure by organic fouling.     

Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of the effect of sodium alendronate in the progression of experimental periodontitis in rats

The aim of the present research was to investigate the ultrastructural aspects and the immunoexpression of receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) on experimental periodontal disease of alendronate (ALN)‐treated rats. Male Wistar rats received daily injections of 2.5 mg/kg body weight of ALN during 7 days previously and 7, 14, and 21 days after the insertion of a 4.0 silk suture into the gingival sulcus around the right upper second molar. Specimens were fixed in 0.1% glutaraldehyde + 4% formaldehyde under microwave irradiation, decalcified in 4.13% EDTA and paraffin embedded for TRAP histochemistry and immunohistochemistry for RANKL and OPG, or embedded in Spurr epoxy resin for TEM analysis. ALN reduced the activity of osteoclasts and significantly decreased the resorption of the alveolar crest. In the control group the alveolar crest appeared resorbed by TRAP‐positive osteoclasts, which presented ultrastructural features of activated cells. The immunoexpression of RANKL was not inhibited by the drug; however, the expression of OPG was increased in the treated animals. The alveolar crest of ALN‐treated specimens at 21 days showed signs of osteonecrosis, like empty osteocyte lacunae, the exposed bone regions and bacterial infection. The results showed that ALN treatment in individuals with periodontal disease represents a risk of osteonecrosis because of the reduced activity of osteoclasts resultant of the increased immunoexpression of OPG. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:902–909, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Agricultural proteins as multifunctional additives in ZnO-free synthetic isoprene rubber vulcanizates

Corn zein and wheat gliadin protein are compounded into synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene rubber (IR) and sulfur-cured in a zinc oxide (ZnO)-free system. The curing kinetics and mechanical and morphological properties are compared to a ZnO-activated or carbon black (CB)-reinforced cure system. The proteins provide reversion resistance and reinforcement to IR at filler loadings as low as 1 part per hundred rubber (phr). The zein-IR composites exhibit higher moduli, better filler–matrix adhesion, and less filler agglomeration/migration than gliadin-IR because zein is more chemically compatible with IR. The gliadin-IR composites have a lower percent set and hysteresis, indicating the formation of an elastic restoring gliadin network. Optimal properties are achieved at 2-phr gliadin and 4-phr zein. At gliadin loading >2 phr and zein loading >4 phr, the protein domain size increases and mechanical properties deteriorate. At equal filler loading, property improvements over CB-IR are observed for one or both proteins. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 48141.     

16—THE PREPARATION,FINE STRUCTURE,AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PARTLY METHYLATED COTTON FABRICS

Cotton fabric has been methylated under a variety of conditions. The extent of methylation has been shown to be dependent on the time of methylation and on the degree of swelling or disruption of structure. The latter is caused by the alkali pretreatment or by the swelling of the partly methylated cellulose. Fabric physical properties have been measured and the influence of the methylation treatment has been examined.     

Data-dependent sampling of two-dimensional signals

Samples taken at scattered points of a finite-support two-dimensional signal can be interpolated to recover an approximation of the original signal. Given a bound on the number of samples, where should they be placed to enable the most accurate reconstruction? Or, given an error bound for the reconstruction, what is the minimum number of samples required, and where should they be placed? In this paper we introduce search schemes that provide good candidate solutions to these problems, for digital signals. Natural Neighbour Interpolation is used in iterative sample removal and movement processes to obtain sparse sample patterns. For pictures and Digital Elevation Models, fewer samples are required if the interpolant is onlyC ⁰ continuous at the data sites, than if it isC ¹. Retained samples lie on the ridges and valleys of the laplacian.