The performance of Saponin over different electrolyte-mediated electrokinetic (EK) process for removal of Cr(III) from tannery sludge was assessed. Saponin exhibited maximum Cr(III) removal efficiency, i.e. 67.6–80.75% as compared to other groups of processing fluids. The possible mechanistic approach for the highest removal efficiency of saponin over other electrolytes may be attributed to synchronized effect of micelle formation and subsequent complexation and sorption of chromium ions. The highest electroosmotic flow rate of saponin indicated low electroosmotic resistance during EK process, which validates the observed trend. Therefore, saponin can be considered as a promising electrolyte for EK treatment of tannery sludge.
Particle-liquid mass transfer in a co-current three-phase fluidized bed of glass beads, water and air was studied with two measurement techniques. Both techniques measured the weight loss of a few particles coated with benzoic acid in a bed of inert glass beads. The effects of liquid and gas velocities, gas distribution and surface active agents on particle-liquid mass transfer in a three-phase fluidized bed were thus determined. In the absence of surface active agents in the liquid, particle-liquid mass transfer rates in a three-phase fluidized bed were up to 30% higher than in the corresponding liquid fluidized bed. When surface active agents were added to the liquid, the particle-liquid mass transfer rate was increased by up to about 100% in the three-phase fluidized bed, relative to the liquid fluidized bed. The particle-liquid mass transfer coefficient was found to be inversely proportional to the liquid hold-up in the three-phase fluidized bed. 相似文献
Specific conductivities and viscosities of lithium perchlorate at four different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 M) in ethylene carbonate (EC) based binary mixed solvent systems at 25°C are reported. The co-solvents chosen were tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) and 1,3-dioxolane (DOL). Viscosity variations in all the three mixed solvent systems without electrolyte showed negative deviation from ideal behaviour thereby indicating the occurrence of a structure breaking effect in these three different binary systems. The increase in viscosity with increase in concentration of LiClO4 is attributed to the structural enhancement through the formation of a solvated complex which occupies interstitials in the solvent mixtures. 1 M LiClO4 solution shows maximum specific conductivity at 30 vol % EC for EC + DME and EC + DOL mixtures and at 50 vol % EC for EC + THF mixtures. Conductivity variations are explained on the basis of preferential solvation of lithium perchlorate by co-solvents (THF, DME and DOL) in their respective mixtures with ethylene carbonate. 相似文献
A dilatometric technique was used to determine the total evaporation time of individual drops of furan, isopentane and cyclopentane as they rose in water. The values of total evaporation time were predicted reasonably well for each system by a different equation than was used to correlate the evaporative data for the initial 10% of the evaporative process as reported in Part I of this study. The total evaporation time data were also compared with the correlations given by Klipstein (1), by Sideman and Taitel (2) and with the correlation which was found by the authors to best fit the total evaporative data for the three systems. In agreement with Klipstein (1), the correlation for the overall heat transfer coefficient was found to be one of the form, qA = Cd12.0δt. The rate of rise of an evaporating drop for the conditions used in this study was found to be nearly equal to the instantaneous terminal velocity. 相似文献
The present work intends to investigate dynamic behaviour of draft gear using finite element method. The longitudinal force that the draft gear absorbs usually leads to the failure of its components, especially, the load bearing draft pads. Dynamic behaviour of an individual draft pad and a draft gear is determined and characterized with exciting frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. The effect of compressive prestress load on the dynamic behaviour of an individual draft pad is also determined as the draft pads in assembled state are under constant axial compressive force in the draft gear. The vibration characteristics of individual draft pad are compared with draft pads that are part of draft gear. The modal analysis gives us a basis for subjecting a draft pad to higher frequency loading for determining its fatigue behaviour.
The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the mechanical properties and microstructure details at the interface
of high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF)-sprayed NiCr-coated boiler tube steels, namely ASTM-SA-210 grade A1, ASTM-SA213-T-11, and
ASTM-SA213-T-22. Coatings were developed by two different techniques, and in these techniques liquefied petroleum gas was
used as the fuel gas. First, the coatings were characterized by metallographic, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive
x-ray analysis, x-ray diffraction, surface roughness, and microhardness, and then were subjected to erosion testing. An attempt
has been made to describe the transformations taking place during thermal spraying. It is concluded that the HVOF wire spraying
process offers a technically viable and cost-effective alternative to HVOF powder spraying process for applications in an
energy generation power plant with a point view of life enhancement and to minimize the tube failures because it gives a coating
having better resistance to erosion. 相似文献
Formal concept analysis (FCA) is a mathematical framework for data analysis and processing tasks. Based on the lattice and order theory, FCA derives the conceptual hierarchies from the relational information systems. From the crisp setting, FCA has been extended to fuzzy environment. This extension is aimed at handling the uncertain and vague information represented in the form of a formal context whose entries are the degrees from the scale [0, 1]. The present study analyzes the fuzziness in a given many-valued context which is transformed into a fuzzy formal context, to provide an insight into generating the fuzzy formal concepts from the fuzzy formal context. Furthermore, considering that a major problem in FCA with fuzzy setting is to reduce the number of fuzzy formal concepts thereby simplifying the corresponding fuzzy concept lattice structure, the current paper solves the problem by linking an interval-valued fuzzy graph to the fuzzy concept lattice. For this purpose, we propose an algorithm for generating the interval-valued fuzzy formal concepts. To measure the weight of fuzzy formal concepts, an algorithm is proposed using Shannon entropy. The knowledge represented by formal concepts using interval-valued fuzzy graph is compared with entropy-based-weighted fuzzy concepts at chosen threshold. 相似文献
We propose an optical scheme for quantum key distribution in which bits are encoded in relative phases of four bipartite weak coherent states${|\alpha, \alpha\rangle, |-\alpha, -\alpha\rangle, |-\alpha, \alpha\rangle}$ and ${|\alpha, -\alpha \rangle}$, with respect to a strong reference pulse. We discuss security of the scheme against eavesdropping strategies like, photon number splitting, photon beam splitting and intercept-resend attacks. It is found that present scheme is more sensitive against these eavesdropping strategies than the two-dimensional non-orthogonal state based protocol and BB84 protocol. Our scheme is very simple, requires only passive optical elements like beam splitters, phase shifters and photon detectors, hence is at the reach of presently available technology. 相似文献