Gyroid‐Structured 3D ZnO Networks Made by Atomic Layer Deposition

3D continuous ZnO morphologies with characteristic feature sizes on the 10 nm length scale are attractive for electronic device manufacture. However, their synthesis remains a challenge because of the low crystallization temperature of ZnO. Here, we report a method for the robust and reliable synthesis of fully crystalline 3D mesoporous ZnO networks by means of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZnO into a self‐assembled block copolymer template. By carefully optimizing the processing conditions we are able to synthesize several‐micrometer‐thick layers of mesoporous ZnO networks with a strut width of 30 nm. Two 3D mesoporous morphologies are manufactured: a periodic gyroid structure and a random worm‐like morphology. Exploiting the ALD property to conformally coat complex surfaces of high aspect ratio, the channel network of a 3D continuous channel network of a self‐assembled block copolymer is replicated into ZnO. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy and x‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that the chemical composition of the mesoporous structures is uniform and consists of wurtzite‐ZnO throughout the film. Scanning electron microscopy reveals an average pore dimension of 30 nm. The potential of this material for a hybrid photovoltaic application is demonstrated by the manufacture of a poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/ZnO solar cell.     

各种添加剂对卷烟烟气组成的影响综述(Ⅰ)

以表格的形式简要地介绍了各种烟草添加剂的添加量、添加位置、添加方法、是否转移到主流烟气中、热解产物及其对主流烟气的影响     

The effects of altitude on heavy-duty diesel truck on-road emissions

On-road measurements of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitric oxide from 5772 heavy-duty diesel trucks at five locations in the United States and Europe show slightly increasing emissions with increasing altitude. The result for nitric oxide showed a statistically significant increase of 4.1 +/- 1 gNO/kg of fuel consumed/km increase in altitude. The increases for CO and HC were also statistically significant.     

Photonic crystals for confining, guiding, and emitting light

By using the photonic crystals, we can confine, guide, and emit light efficiently. By precise control over the geometry and three-dimensional design, it is possible to obtain high quality optical devices with extremely small dimensions. Here we describe examples of high-Q optical nanocavities, photonic crystal waveguides, and surface plasmon enhanced light-emitting diode (LEDs)     

Measuring permeability and stress relaxation of young cement paste by beam bending

When a saturated rod of a porous material is deflected in three-point bending, two types of time-dependent relaxation processes occur simultaneously: hydrodynamic relaxation, caused by the flow of liquid in the porous body, and viscoelastic (VE) relaxation of the solid network. By measuring the decrease in the force required to sustain a constant deflection, it is possible to obtain the permeability from the hydrodynamic relaxation function, in addition to the VE stress relaxation function of the sample. We report the early-age evolution of permeability, elastic modulus, and stress relaxation function for Type III Portland cement paste with water–cement (w/c) ratios of 0.45, 0.50, and 0.55. The stress relaxation function is shown to preserve its shape during aging; that function is numerically transformed into the creep function.     

The nonfixated Austin bunionectomy: a retrospective study of one-hundred procedures

A retrospective evaluation of 64 randomly selected patients with 100 nonfixated Austin bunionectomy procedures was performed. A radiographic and a clinical evaluation were performed, including an analysis of preoperative and postoperative angles as well as postoperative complications. This study demonstrates a similar complication rate for nonfixated Austin bunionectomies as compared with previous studies with internal fixation. Removal of the fibular sesamoid was performed in 90% of the cases and did not increase the incidence of hallux varus. The nonfixated Austin bunionectomy is an acceptable alternative to the correction of hallux valgus. If internal fixation is utilized, the most cost-effective device should be used.     

The role of culture in emotion-antecedent appraisal.

Do respondents in different cultures appraise emotion-antecedent events differently? Are similar appraisal profiles associated with the same emotions across cultures? These questions were studied for 7 emotions in 37 countries. Results show rather high convergence across geopolitical regions with respect to emotion specific profiles, suggesting universality of the appraisal mechanism. Empirical profiles corresponded in large measure to theoretical predictions. There were sizable differences between geopolitical regions with respect to general appraisal tendencies. Respondents in Africa tended to appraise events as more immoral, more unfair or unjust, and more externally caused. Respondents in Latin America tended to appraise emotion-antecedent events as less immoral than those in other regions. To find potential explanatory factors, a number of key country variables related to climate, cultural values, and socioeconomic-demographic factors were examined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Optimization of the Q factor in photonic crystal microcavities

We express the quality factor of a mode in terms of the Fourier transforms of its field components and prove that the reduction in radiation loss can be achieved by suppressing the mode's wavevector components within the light cone. Although this is intuitively clear, our analytical proof gives us insight into how to achieve the Q factor optimization, without the mode delocalization. We focus on the dipole defect mode in free-standing membranes and achieve Q > 10⁴, while preserving the mode volume of the order of one half of the cubic wavelength of light in the material. The derived expressions and conclusions can be used in the optimization of the Q factor for any type of defect in planar photonic crystals