Relationships between depressive rumination, anger rumination, and borderline personality features.

We examined relationships between depressive rumination, anger rumination, and features of borderline personality disorder in a sample of 93 students with a wide range of borderline symptoms. All completed self-report measures of borderline features; trait-level negative affect; depressive and anger rumination; and current symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Depressive and anger rumination were strongly associated with borderline features after controlling for comorbid symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Both types of rumination showed significant incremental validity over trait-level sadness, anger, and general negative affect in predicting borderline features. Relationships with borderline features were stronger for anger rumination than for depressive rumination. Relationships between trait-level negative affect and borderline features were substantially reduced when anger rumination was included in regression models, suggesting the need for longitudinal analyses of mediation. Findings suggest that severity of borderline symptoms is influenced by ruminative thinking in response to negative affect, especially anger. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Larval fish catches in the lower Milk River,Montana in relation to timing and magnitude of spring discharge

Larval fishes were sampled in the Milk River, Missouri River drainage, Montana from May to August 2002, 2003 and 2004 to describe temporal spawning distribution in relation to spring discharge. Total larval catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) in 2002 (28.9 fish/100 m³) was an estimated 29 times greater than in 2003 (0.99 fish/100 m³) and 16 times greater than in 2004 (1.78 fish/100 m³). In 2003 and 2004 more than one third of the total catch occurred before 12 June whereas in 2002, only 5% of the total catch occurred before 12 June. Marked differences in larval species composition were also observed between years, suggesting that a later peak in discharge may benefit some species and an earlier peak others. In 2002, when flows peaked later (at 77 m³ s^?1), common carp Cyprinus carpio represented 37% of the total larval catch. Common carp were proportionally less abundant in 2003 (7.2%) and 2004 (1.4%) than in 2002. In 2004, when flows peaked (at 163 m³ s^?1) 32 days earlier than in 2002 but only 15 days earlier than in 2003 (at 73 m³ s^?1), shorthead redhorse Moxostoma macrolepidotum and suckers Catostomus sp. were the numerically dominant taxa. These results indicate that the timing, not necessarily the magnitude, of peak spring discharge may influence spawning success in the lower Milk River, as indicated by larval fish catches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Formation of bulk unipolar diodes in hydrogenated amorphous siliconby ion implantation

Bulk unipolar diodes with a wide range of barrier heights have been made in hydrogenated amorphous silicon by ion implantation. The precise concentration of dopant atoms that can be obtained when implanting into an amorphous substrate leads to accurate barrier height control. Compared with the alternative unipolar device, the Schottky diode, these devices should provide uniform, high barrier diodes for photodetectors, and very low barrier diodes for low-power, unbiased, mixers and detectors     

Process industry initiative sets common design practices

The Process Industry Practices (PIP) initiative is the successful effort of a group of twenty-three process industry companies and eight engineering and construction companies to produce voluntary recommended practices for engineering, procurement, and construction of equipment and facilities in the continuous process industries. PIP's defined goal is to harmonize the technical requirements from the existing standards of major industrial users, contractors, and standards organizations into a single set of practices. This article gives a general overview of the organization's history, structure, and vision as well as the various technology areas currently developing PIPs. Here, we also address and describe some of the practices that have been developed specifically by the Electrical Function Team, providing examples of how taking the best ideas from many individual company specifications can result in standardization and savings to all users     

Exploring the Limits of Social Cognitive Theory: Why Negatively Reinforced Behaviors on TV May Be Modeled Anyway

Despite extensive discussion of the potential for viewers' social learning of risky health behaviors from TV programming, there has been relatively little effort to test behavioral modeling predictions. That is, it is not clear whether televised depictions of negatively reinforced undesirable behaviors (e.g., unsafe sex), in fact, influence the value viewers attach to those behaviors and their future likelihood of performing them, as social cognitive theory (SCT) would predict. Indeed, we argue that social learning in likely minimal in such contexts due to the programming schemas audiences bring to the viewing experience. In Study 1, the contents of serial TV programming schemas are examined. Results suggest that viewers expect main characters to ultimately survive and thrive, despite the adversity they face. In Study 2, competing predictions from SCT and schema theory are tested. College women ( N = 400) were exposed to various portrayals of promiscuous sexual behavior (1-night stands) that were edited to display more or less positive or negative outcomes. Results suggested that, consistent with SCT, those with direct experience with the behavior were not influenced by the portrayals. However, inconsistent with SCT, but consistent with the schema argument, those without direct experience were more likely to expect future participation in the unsafe behavior, regardless of the valence of the reinforcement depicted. Implications for future research on media, SCT, and risky behaviors are discussed.     

Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity.

The authors tested a stress-sensitization version of a diathesis-stress approach to depression. In a 2-year longitudinal follow-up design, exposure to stressful life events was examined in young women in the transition to adulthood. The authors hypothesized that those who had experienced one or more significant childhood adversities would have a lower threshold for developing a depressive reaction to stressors. Results indicated that women with exposure to one or more childhood adversities—such as family violence, parent psychopathology or alcoholism, and others—were more likely to become depressed following less total stress than women without such adversity. The results could not be accounted for by chronic stress or prior depression. Both biological and psychological sensitization mechanisms may be speculated to play a role, but the actual mechanisms of stress sensitization remain to be explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reading aloud: Qualitative differences in the relation between stimulus quality and word frequency as a function of context.

Virtually all theories of visual word recognition assume (typically implicitly) that when a pathway is used, processing within that pathway always unfolds in the same way. This view is challenged by the observation that simple variations in list composition are associated with qualitative changes in performance. The present experiments demonstrate that when reading aloud, the joint effects of stimulus quality and word frequency on response time are driven by the presence/absence of nonwords in the list. Interacting effects of these factors are seen when only words appear in the experiment, whereas additive effects are seen when words and nonwords are randomly intermixed. One way to explain these and other data appeals to the distinction between cascaded processing (or interactive activation) on the one hand versus a thresholded mode of processing on the other, with contextual factors determining which mode of processing dominates. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A model of acoustic transmission in the respiratory system

A theoretical model of sound transmission from within the respiratory tract to the chest wall due to the motion of the walls of the large airways was developed. The vocal tract, trachea, and the first five bronchial generations are represented over the frequency range from 100 to 600 Hz by an equivalent acoustic circuit. This circuit allows the estimation of the magnitude of airway wall motion in response to an acoustic perturbation at the mouth. The radiation of sound through the surrounding lung parenchyma is represented as a cylindrical wave in a homogeneous mixture of air bubbles in water. The effect of thermal losses associated with the polytropic compressions and expansions of these bubbles by the acoustic wave is included and the chest wall is represented as a massive boundary to the wave propagation. The model estimates the magnitude of acceleration over the extrathoracic trachea and at three locations on the posterior chest wall in the same vertical plane. The predicted spectral characteristics of transmission are consistent with previous experimental observations. This theoretical approach suggests that the locations of the spectral peaks are a strong function of the geometry and the wall properties of the airways, while the attenuation at higher frequencies is primarily associated with the absorption of sound in the parenchyma.     

2008设计流行趋势预测

日前，美国的流行趋势专家C．DaVis Remignanti在家具网站上发布了2008设计流行趋势报告，他与其设计顾问们忠告消费者：“好的设计是有机的并且灵活多变的——既要顾及当今的流行趋势，又不能太在意这个趋势。对于什么是好的设计，这是没有硬性规定的，接不接受流行完全凭自己的喜好。并且要记住一点，无论你把房间装饰得多么时髦，它总是会过时的，如果—个时尚的空间不能让置身其中的人感到舒服和亲切，那这个设计一定是失败的”。