THERMODYNAMICS OF BAINITIC TRANSFORMATION IN Cu-24 at.-% Al ALLOY

Two driving forces △G~((β_1)+α')and △G~(β_1→β_2+α)for the bainitic transformation have been calcu-lated for Cu-24 at.-% Al alloy.Results reveal △G~(β_1→α')>0 within the transformation tem-perature range 600—750 K.Therefore,the bainitic transformation cannot be initiated by theβ_1→α' shearing mechanism.On the other hand,the driving force △G~(β_1→β_2+α)to produce 5% ofthe α becomes negative only when the composition of the α satisfiesx_(Al)~α≤0.204 at 700 K or x_(Al)~α=0.209 at 750 K.So the bainitic transformation can only proceedby β_1→β_2+α diffusional reaction with different diffusion amount at different temperatures.     

STUDY ON THE VARIATION MECHANISM OF CARBON CONTENT OF LIQUID IRON IN MELTING GASIFIER

This paper studied the changing principles of carbon content in direct reduction iron (DRI) and liquid iron in the COREX melting gasifier. Under the normal working conditions of experimental equipment, liquid nitrogen was poured into the melting gasifier from its tuyere to cool down quickly. And then seven cross sections were made to study the carburization reaction and its characteristics of the solid iron and the liquid iron, and also the reaction of carbon between the slag and the metal. According to the results, the influences of the thickness of the semi-coke layer and the temperature on the carbon content of liquid iron in the COREX melting gasifier were confirmed.     

STRUCTURAL DETERMINATION OF TITANIUM-OXIDE NANOPARTICLES BY X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

As a potential application of titanium-oxide nanoparticles, it is extremely important to investigate a detailed picture of the surface and interior structural properties of nanocrystalline materials, such as rutile and anatase with diameters 7.0 and 4.5nm, respectively. X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to identify the local Ti environment and related electronic structure. We combine the experimental results at the Ti edge in both bulk and nano-crystals to determine the lattice distortion in terms of differently characteristic preedge features and the variation in the multiple-scattering region of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra. The relationship between the transition peaks and the surface-to volume ratio is also discussed.     

THE APPARENT VISCOSITY OF SEMI-SOLID AZ91D ALLOY AT STEADY STATE

The rheological behavior of semi-solid AZ91D at steady state is studied using a Couette type viscometer in the present paper. The results show that the apparent viscosity of semi-solid AZ91D at the steady state increases with the solid fraction increasing, and goes up sharply when the solid fraction reaches a certain value, which is called critical fraction. In addition, the apparent viscosity of semi-solid AZ91D at the steady state takes on a distinct downtrend with the shearing rate increasing, which indicates a strong shear thinning property. In addition, the critical solid fraction becomes higher under larger shearing rate, owing to the more globular shape of the solid particles. Based on the present experiment results, an empirical equation is built as that, relating the steady state apparent viscosity of semi-solid AZ91D with the solid fraction fs andshearing rate (?) at the same time: ηapp=10.74exp(6.95fs)(?)-0.86.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL-NUMERICAL METHOD FOR MEASURING CRACK PROPAGATING VELOCITIES UNDER STRESS WAVE LOADING

An experimental-numerical method for measuring dynamic crack propagating velocities under stress wave loading is established in this paper. The experiments of the three-point bend specimen are done on the improved Hopkinson bar. Deflection of loading point, dynamic load and instantaneous crack length are measured, then crack propagating velocities are calculated. Experiments on 40Cr steel show that the results given by this method have a good agreement with that obtained by the resistance fracture gage method. Therefore this method is feasible for measuring crack propagating velocities under high loading rate and will have wide application.     

金属板材成形中拉深损伤模拟的两种求解方法

讨论用数值模拟预测板材成形中发生拉深损伤破坏的两种不同的求解方法。第一种是采用完全耦合的弹塑性破坯模型的动力显式数值方法。基于状态参量的不可逆热力学过程 ,完全耦合的本构方程考虑各向同性强化和拉深。这些已引入有限元软件ABAQUS/E用于对金属成形的模拟。在数值技术方面 ,隐式积分方法被用来对本构方程的局部时间积分 ,动力显式技术用于求解总体平衡方程。第二种方案是采用简化的损伤模型的方法 ,被称为逆法 (InveseApprch)。I.A被限定在考虑各向同性强化和损伤的塑性全量理论基础上的简单的本构关系。做比例加载和临界损伤达到以后的损伤饱和假定 ,可以得到损伤演化方程的封闭解。这两种损伤模型在编程中的实施采用两种方式 :计算中考虑或不考虑损伤作用 ,也就是耦合的或非耦合的计算。文中给出一些算例来说明每种损伤模型的优点     

Synthesis and optimization of high surface area mesoporous date palm fiber-based nanostructured powder activated carbon for aluminum removal

Date palm fiber (DPF) derived from agrowaste was utilized as a new precursor for the optimized synthesis of a cost-effective, nanostructured, powder-activated carbon (nPAC) for aluminum (Al3+) removal from aqueous solutions using carbonization, KOH activation, response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). The optimum synthesis condition, activation temperature, time and impregna-tion ratio were found to be 650 ℃, 1.09 hour and 1:1, respectively. Furthermore, the optimum conditions for removal were 99.5％and 9.958 mg·g-1 in regard to uptake capacity. The optimum conditions of nPAC was analyzed and characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, BET, TGA and Zeta potential. Moreover, the adsorption of the Al3+ conditions was optimized with an integrated RSM-CCD experimental design. Regression results revealed that the adsorption kinetics data was well fitted by the pseudo-second order model, whereas the adsorption isotherm data was best represented by the Freundlich isotherm model. Optimum activated carbon indicated that DPF can serve as a cost-effective precursor adsorbent for Al3+removal.     

FRECKLE FORMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe-W ALLOY

The freckle formation and their phase characterization in freckle areas were investigated by means of microstructure analysis approaches and a thermodynamic equilibrium phase calculation method in a Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe-W alloy. These results show that in freckle areas a large number of M6 C, u and P phases precipitate in grain boundaries even within grain due to the enrichment and segregation of Mo and C during solidification, which results in small grains in freckle areas. Equilibrium phase and liquid segregation calculation can give an reasonable interpretation of the freckle feature for this alloy.     

APPLICATION OF THE UNIFIED STATISTICAL MATERIAL DATABASE FOR DESIGN AND LIFE／RISK ASSESSMENT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE COMPONENTS

Statistical manipulation of material data was conducted for probabilistic life assessment or risk-based design and maintenance for high temperature components of power plants. To obtain the statistical distribution of material properties, dominant parameters affecting material properties are introduced into normalization of statistical variables. Those parameters are hardness, chemical composition, characteristic microstructural features and so on. Creep and fatigue properties are expressed by normalized parameters and the unified statistical distributions are obtained. These probability distribution functions show good coincidence statistically with the field database of steam turbine components. It was concluded that the unified statistical baseline approach is useful for the risk management of components in power plants.     

CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMATION VOLUME FRACTION TO HQ590 HOT ROLLED STRIP STEEL DURING CONTINUOUS COOLING

On the basis of phase transformation kinetics, the transformation of γ→α,P,B have been investigated through considering the effect of deformation. The calculation methods of volume fraction have also been given. Comparing with common method, the simulated results are in more agreement with experiment results.