Fatty acid profile and mineral content of the wild snail (Helix pomatia) from the region of the south of the Turkey

AbstractThe fatty acid and mineral compositions in the flesh of wild snail (Helix pomatia) collected in the region of Cukurova in Turkey were evaluated. Proximate analysis of snails showed that they are rich in protein (18%) and low in lipid (0.49%). The main fatty acids detected were C16:0 (12%) C18:0 (19%), C22:0 (7%), C18:1 n–9 (17%), C18:2 n–6 (16%) and C20:2 n–11.14c (10%). The total SFA, MUFA and PUFA content of lipids were 37.87, 19.65 and 25.83% of total fatty acids, respectively. The major minerals found were Ca, P, K, Mg and Na. However, Fe, Mn and Zn contents of snail meat are less than 2 mg/100 g. The results of this study have showed that snails are good sources of protein and minerals.     

Vanadium incorporated high surface area MCM-41 catalysts

High surface area MCM-41 (1452 m²/g) and V-MCM-41 materials were synthesized by a direct hydrothermal synthesis method. Characteristic XRD patterns, SEM and AFM photographs indicated no significant change in the morphology of MCM-41 by incorporation of vanadium. XPS and EDS results proved that incorporation of vanadium into the MCM-41 structure was successfully achieved when vanadyl sulfate hydrate was used as the vanadium source. However, use of ammonium vanadate as the vanadium source was not equally successful.     

Seasonal effects in the nutritional quality of the body structural tissue of cephalopods

The most commonly-consumed cephalopods around the world (the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, European squid, Loligo vulgaris, common octopus, Octopus vulgaris and musky octopus, Eledone moschata) were evaluated in terms of seasonal variations in proximate and fatty acid compositions. The arms of the octopuses were used for this study, whereas the mantle of the other species (squids and cuttlefish) were used for the analyses. The lipid contents of species were found to be very low and considered as lean. The lowest lipid content was obtained from E. moschata (0.60–0.68%), whereas L. vulgaris gave the highest level of lipid (1.34–1.92%) throughout all seasons. Unlike lipid content, protein contents of cephalopods did not change across the seasons. The fatty acid compositions of each species ranged from 28.18% to 35.28% saturated (SFA), 4.36–9.47% monounsaturated (MUFAs) and 43.58–56.55% polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs). The highest proportions of fatty acids in cephalopods were myristic acid (C14:0, 0.96–2.96%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 15.53–25.20%), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0, 1.05–2.56%), stearic acid (C18:0, 4.32–9.96%), oleic acid (cis18:1 n−9, 1.80–4.29%), cis-11-eicosenoic acid (C20:1, 2.07–4.69%), linoleic acid (C18:2 n−6, 0.17–1.95%), arachidonic acid (C20:4 n−6, 1.48–11.65%), cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n−3, 7.86–16.97%) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n−3, 20.99–39.00%). The results indicated that these cephalopod species are excellent protein sources and very rich in n−3 fatty acids.     

Analysis of voltage and frequency-dependent series resistance and interface states of Al/ZnCo2O4: Gelatin/n-Si diode

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - In this work, which aims to investigate the capacitance and conductance properties of ZnCo2O4-doped Gelatin, 5% ZnCo2O4-doped Gelatin film...     

Performance of low density parity check coded continuous phase frequency shift keying (LDPCC‐CPFSK) over fading channels

In this paper, in order to improve bit error performance, bandwidth efficiency and reduction of complexity compared to related schemes such as turbo codes, we combine low density parity check (LDPC) codes and continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) modulation and introduce a new scheme, called ‘low density parity check coded‐continuous phase frequency shift keying (LDPCC‐CPFSK)’. Since LDPC codes have very large Euclidean distance and use iterative decoding algorithms, they have high error correcting capacity and have very close performances to Shannon limit. In all communication systems, phase discontinuities of modulated signals result extra bandwidth requirements. Continuous phase modulation (CPM) is a powerful solution for this problem. Beside CPM provides good bandwidth efficiency; it also improves bit error performance with its memory unit. In our proposed scheme, LDPC and CPFSK, which is a special type of CPM, are considered together to improve both error performance and bandwidth efficiencies. We also obtain error performance curves of LDPCC‐CPFSK via computer simulations for both regular and irregular LDPC code. Simulation results are drawn for 4‐ary CPFSK, 8‐ary CPFSK and 16‐ary CPFSK over AWGN, Rician and Rayleigh fading channels for maximum 100 iterations, while the frame size is chosen as 504. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of sex and seasonality on the metal levels of different muscle tissues of mature Atlantic blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) in Mersin Bay,north‐eastern mediterranean

The objective of this study was to determine the seasonal and sexual effects on metal levels of lump crabmeat (LCM) and chela crabmeat (CCM) of mature Atlantic blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, caught in the Mersin Bay, the north‐eastern Mediterranean. The findings indicated that the annual ranges of metal levels in the LCM of Atlantic blue crab were as follows: 0.44–0.61 μg Cd g^?1, 0.30–0.60 μg Cr g^?1, 0.24–0.52 μg Pb g^?1, 9.72–43.70 μg Cu g^?1, 39.52–97.26 μg Zn g^?1, 11.97–32.48 μg Fe g^?1. The annual range of metal levels in the CCM of Atlantic blue crab were as follows: 0.52–1.07 μg Cd g^?1, 0.24–0.61 μg Cr g^?1, 0.28–0.56 μg Pb g^?1, 22.17–68.09 μg Cu g^?1, 93.92–175.21 μg Zn g^?1, 8.81–19.47 μg Fe g^?1. Cd, Cu, Zn levels in CCM of Atlantic blue crabs were higher than in LCM, whereas Fe levels were found lower (P < 0.05). Fe metal specifically accumulated in LCM, and Cd, Cu and Zn metals accumulated in CCM. Metals such as Cu, Zn and Fe showed seasonal variations. It was found out that Cu, Zn and Fe levels of muscle tissues of the Atlantic blue crab in spring and summer seasons were higher than in autumn and winter seasons.     

The effects of the combination of freezing and the use of natural antioxidant technology on the quality of frozen sardine fillets (Sardinella aurita)

The effects of combination of freezing and the use of antioxidant technology on the quality of frozen sardine fillets were investigated in terms of sensory, biochemical [thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), peroxide value (PV) and free fatty acids (FFA)] and microbiological analyses [total viable count (TVC)]. Fish were filleted and divided into three groups. The first group was used as the control (C) without rosemary extract, the second group was treated with 1% rosemary extracts for 2 min (R1) and the third was treated with 2% rosemary extracts for 2 min (R2). All groups were frozen at ?18 °C over the storage period of 6 months. The results obtained from this study showed that the combination of antioxidant and frozen storage resulted in significant reduction of bacterial growth and stabilised the biochemical characteristics, especially for R2. However, the use of antioxidant at the level of 2% (R2) gave a bitter taste according to sensory assessment whereas the panellists mostly preferred R1.     

Seasonal fat and fatty acids variations of seven marine fish species from the Mediterranean Sea

Seasonal variations of proximate compositions, muscle lipids and fatty acids (FA) of seven seawater species (Silllago sihoma, Upeneus pori, Sparus aurata, Saurida undosquamis, Epinephelus auneus, Mullus barbatus, Solea solea) from the Mediterranean Sea, were determined in all seasons. The results showed that the fatty acid compositions of each species ranged from 26.41 to 38.70% saturated (SFA), 13.78 to 26.52% monounsaturated (MUFAs) and 25.02 to 50.83% PUFAs. The highest proportions of EPA were obtained from M. barbatus (8.34%) in spring, S. sihoma (7.54%), U. pori (6.75%), S. aurata (6.31%), S. undosquamis (5.12%), E. auneus (5.10%) in summer, and also S. solea (6.19%) in spring. The highest proportions of DHA were found in spring, ranging from 25.14% for M. barbatus to 34.87% for S. aurata, except for S. solea (30.44%) in winter and S. sihoma (15.83%) in summer. The results showed that from a quality point of view, all species were suitable for human nutrition, since muscle lipids are rich in EPA + DHA in all seasons. Practical application : The American and Canadian Dietetic Associations recommend two servings of fatty fish per week and a daily combined intake of EPA and DHA of 500 mg. This follows a trend of numerous publications and other guidelines recognizing the health benefits of long‐chain n‐3 PUFA from fish or marine microbial sources with respect to cardiovascular health, neurological diseases, infant health and development, inflammation and cancer and other health effects. The seven species analyzed here provide muscle lipids that are rich in EPA and DHA. Only minor season‐to‐season changes in the total content of n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA were observed for the same species. The results provide valuable information for preparing diet tables.     

Fatty acid profiles of commercially important fish species from the Mediterranean, Aegean and Black Seas

The fat content and fatty acid compositions in the flesh of eight commercially important fish species from the seas of Turkey were evaluated. The fatty acid compositions of wild fish species ranged from 25.5% to 38.7% saturated (SFA), 13.2–27.0% monounsaturated (MUFAs) and 24.8–46.4% polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs). Among them, those occurring in the highest proportions were myristic acid (C14:0, 1.70–10.9%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 15.5–20.5%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 2.86–17.0%), stearic acid (C18:0, 3.32–8.18%), oleic acid (C18:1n9 cis, 6.11–20.8%), linoleic acid (C18:2n6, 0.93–4.03%), octadecatetraenoic acid (C18:4n3, 0.02–4.55%), cis-5, 8, 11, 14, 17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3, 4.74–11.7%) and cis-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3, 7.69–36.2%). The proportions of PUFAs-n3 (ranging from 21.7 for mullet to 43.7 for scad) were higher than those of PUFAs-n6 (ranging from 1.24 for bogue to 4.34 for red scorpion fish). EPA and DHA were high in all fish species, increasing the value of these fish species.     

The effects of season and sex in the metal levels of mature common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) in Mersin Bay, Northeastern Mediterranean

The effects of sex and season on metal levels of the mantle of the common cuttlefish that was caught from Mersin Bay were evaluated. The annual range of mantle length (ML), total length (TL), and weight of common cuttlefish specimens were 110 to 183 mm, 380 to 581 mm, and 150.24 to 477.13 g, respectively. The annual range of metal levels in the mantle tissue of common cuttlefish were: 2.34 to 3.89 μg Cd g(-1), 0.30 to 0.63 μg Cr g(-1), 0.15 to 0.54 μg Pb g(-1), 2.35 to 14.90 μg Cu g(-1), 23.22 to 51.88 μg Zn g(-1), and 5.12 to 10.65 μg Fe g(-1). Cu levels of females were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those found in male throughout all the seasons while Pb levels were lower (P < 0.05) in males than females. Cr levels in the mantle tissue of cuttlefish did not change throughout the seasons. On the contrary, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Fe levels in the mantle tissue of cuttlefish changed throughout all the seasons. The highest Cd, Zn, and Fe levels were obtained in spring while the highest Cu levels were obtained in autumn. It was also found out that this species was rich in terms of metal levels, particularly, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Fe. It was found out that the mantle tissue of the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, which was caught from Mersin Bay, was contaminated with Cd in all the seasons.