孔隙压力对岩样全部变形特征的影响

目的 研究了孔隙压力对剪切带图案及岩样全部变形特征的影响．方法 利用FLAC内嵌语言编制的FISH函数计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比．在峰前及峰后，岩石的本构模型分别取为线弹性模型及莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型．结果 随着孔隙压力的增加，岩样的破坏区域越来越广泛；剪切带倾角都接近于Arthur倾角；峰值强度及所对应的轴向、体积应变及侧向应变的大小均降低．当孔隙压力较低时，峰后应力-轴向应变曲线及应力-侧向应变曲线软化段斜率基本保持不变，根据单轴压缩条件下的解析解，这是由于岩样的破坏模式不随孔隙压力的增加而改变．结论当孔隙压力较高时，大量的单元发生破坏将消耗较多的能量，这使应力-轴向应变及侧向应变曲线软化段变平缓；岩样在轴向应变较低时就可获得较高的侧向变形量及泊松比，甚至负的体积应变．岩样失稳破坏的前兆的明显程度不随孔隙压力的改变而改变．     

扩容角对初始随机材料缺陷岩石试样破坏过程及力学行为的影响

在单轴平面应变压缩条件下，采用FLAC模拟扩容角对具有初始随机材料缺陷的光滑端面岩石试样的破坏过程及对应力一应变曲线的影响。利用FISH函数于试样内部规定初始缺陷。密实的岩石服从莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则，破坏之后呈现应变软化一理想塑性行为。缺陷在破坏之后经历理想塑性行为。扩容角较高时试样内部最终发生破坏的单元数目较多。随着扩容角的增加，剪切带变得粗壮和陡峭。扩容角对应力一轴向应变曲线影响不大。扩容角增加时，在应变软化阶段，应力一侧向应变曲线变平缓，根据作者过去提出的理论公式，这是由于剪切带宽度增加的贡献超过剪切带倾角增加的贡献所致。当扩容角较高时，应力峰值时试样内部的最大剪切应变增量较高，因而试样破坏的前兆比较明显。剪切带倾角的数值结果与Arthur倾角比较接近，未能超过Coulomb倾角。扩容角越大，剪切带最终可以获得越来越高的剪切应变和体积应变。     

分区破裂相似材料分层观测试验研究

以沙土作为相似材料,观测了圆桶模型内部裂纹的分布规律及沿轴向的变化规律。研究表明:在若干沙土层间预制界面,然后将各层沙土依次从铁桶中压出的实验方法可以更深入地观测硐室围岩裂纹沿轴向的变化规律。巴西圆盘模型不能解释分区破裂现象,而用空间共轭剪切带解释则更加合理。支护对分区破裂有一定的影响。     

Effect of confining pressure on deformation and failure of rock at higher strain rate

Influence of confining pressure from 0 to 28 MPa, which acts on the two lateral edges of rock specimen in plane strain compression, on the shear failure processes and patterns as well as on the macroscopically mechanical responses were numerically modeled by use of FLAC. A material imperfection with lower strength in comparison with the intact rock, which is close to the lower-left corner of the specimen, was prescribed. In elastic stage, the adopted constitutive relation of rock was linear elastic; in strain-softening stage, a composite Mohr-Coulomb criterion with tension cut-off and a post-peak linear constitutive relation were adopted. The numerical results show that with an increase of confining pressure the peak strength of axial stress-axial strain curve and the corresponding axial strain linearly increase; the residual strength and the stress drop from the peak strength to the residual strength increase; the failure modes of rock transform form the multiple shear bands close to the loading end of the specimen （confining pressure=0-0.1 MPa）, to the conjugate shear bands （0.5-2.0 MPa）, and then to the single shear band （4-28 MPa）. Once the tip of the band reaches the loading end of the specimen, the direction of the band changes so that the reflection of the band occurs. At higher confining pressure, the new-formed shear band does not intersect the imperfection, bringing extreme difficulties in prediction of the failure of rock structure, such as rock burst. The present results enhance the understanding of the shear failure processes and patterns of rock specimen in higher confining pressure and higher loading strain rate.     

考虑应变梯度效应的三点弯梁模型解析研究--第一部分:局部化带的传播

为分析应变软化和由此带来的应变局部化问题,将梯度塑性理论引入裂纹带模型。以拉应变局部化区域代替裂纹带,在三点弯梁裂纹带(具有一定尺寸的带宽由特征长度确定)内部存在着不均匀分布的拉应变,这与实验结果相符。对拉应变进行积分,得到了拉应变局部化区域的张拉位移的理论表达式,结果表明:该位移与拉应力成线性规律,拉应变局部化区域的宽度越大,弹性模量越小或降模量越小,则该位移越大。此外,采用应力平衡条件、应变软化的本构关系及平截面假定,还得到了拉应变局部化区域的扩展规律,结果表明:下降模量越大、三点弯梁高度越小及弹性模量越小,则在相同的拉应力的情况下,拉应变局部化区扩展的长度越小;抗拉强度对拉应变局部化区扩展长度的最大值没有影响。此外,还研究了梁中部横截面内中性轴到具有最大承载能力的点的距离的变化规律。     

辽宁工程技术大学，辽宁 阜新 123000

提出了利用梯度塑性理论计算Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带的局部剪切应变新方法.绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变依赖于临界塑性剪切应变、试样的标定长度、绝热剪切带总厚度、绝热剪切带的平均塑性剪切应变.计算表明,随着绝热剪切带总厚度的增加,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变以非线性方式下降.当绝热剪切带总厚度的取值接近1 mm时,尽管确定临界塑性剪切应变的方法不同,但是,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值差别很小.当绝热剪切带总厚度取值在0.335～1 mm之间时,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值位于Liao及Duffy(1998)实验结果的下限(75%)和上限(350%)之间.     

钛合金绝热剪切带的局部剪切应变估算的新方法

提出了利用梯度塑性理论计算Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带的局部剪切应变新方法.绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变依赖于临界塑性剪切应变、试样的标定长度、绝热剪切带总厚度、绝热剪切带的平均塑性剪切应变.计算表明,随着绝热剪切带总厚度的增加,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变以非线性方式下降.当绝热剪切带总厚度的取值接近1 mm时,尽管确定临界塑性剪切应变的方法不同,但是,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值差别很小.当绝热剪切带总厚度取值在0.335～1 mm之间时,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值位于Liao及Duffy(1998)实验结果的下限(75%)和上限(350%)之间.     

孔隙压力条件下圆形巷道围岩的应变局部化数值模拟

利用FLAC模拟了不同孔隙压力及围压条件下圆形巷道围岩的应变局部化过程。在计算中,采用了应变软化本构关系及"先加载、后挖洞"的方式。模拟结果表明,当围压增加到一定程度后,孔隙压力较低或等于零时,在围岩中出现了V形坑或"平底锅"形坑,这与开采深度达到一定后,无瓦斯或低瓦斯矿井中的岩爆现象类似;当围压增加到一定程度后,孔隙压力较高时,在围岩中出现了多条平行裂纹及多个不规则的狭长薄片,破坏区的外轮廓类似梨形,这与开采深度达到一定后,在高瓦斯矿井中煤和瓦斯突出后形成口小腔大的孔洞现象类似。     

Analyses of axial,lateral and circumferential deformations of rock specimen in triaxial compression

The axial, lateral and circumferential strains were analyzed for a rock specimen subjected to shear failure in the form of a shear band bisecting the specimen in triaxial compression. Plastic deformation of the specimen stemmed from shear strain localization initiated at the peak shear stress. Beyond the onset of strain localization, the axial, lateral and circumferential strains were decomposed into two parts, respectively. One is the elastic strain described by general Hooke’s law. The other is attributable to the plastic shear slips along shear band with a certain thickness dependent on the internal length of rock. The post-peak circumferential strain-axial strain curve of longer specimen is steeper than that of shorter specimen, as is consistent with the previous experiments. In elastic stage, the circumferential strain-axial strain curve exhibits nonlinear characteristic, as is in agreement with the previous experiment since confining pressure is loaded progressively until a certain value is reached. When the confining pressure is loaded completely, the circumferential strain-axial strain curve is linear in elastic and strain-softening stages. The predicted circumferential strain-axial strain curve in elastic and strain-softening stages agrees with the previous experiment. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50309004)     

基于实测剪切应力及局部应变的Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带的峰值温度估算

认为试样表面的变形场出现不连续性不是绝热剪切带出现的标志,而是形变绝热剪切带进一步发展的结果;在计算绝热剪切带内部的峰值温度时应从局部剪切应变中扣除弹性应变,因为弹性应变不会对塑性功有所贡献。以动态扭转的Ti-6Al-4V试样(TA-50)为例,计算了绝热剪切带内部的峰值温度,其被划分为3部分:环境温度、均匀和非均匀变形引起的温度。在两种条件下(从局部剪切应变中扣除弹性应变与否),计算出的峰值温度分别为669和665℃,其在热回复和再结晶的温度范围之内,未达到相变的温度,比Liao及Duffy的理论计算值(630℃)要高。如果剪切应力-局部塑性剪切应变的关系不能完全确定,适当的近似是必要的。