对混合金属层状氢氧化物钻井液体系保护储层作用的评价

介绍了MMH钻井液体系的特点及其在保护储层方面的作用。MMH钻井液体系用大理石或大理石和重晶石组合加重时,其渗透率恢复值高于盐粒液和油基钻井液体系,是一种优良的保护油层钻井液体系。按照设计完井液的思路,根据单一处理剂评选结果,给出了5种完井液配方,并简单分析了MMH钻井液体系保护油层的作用机理。     

The Evolution of Personal Mobile Communications

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Optically tunable guided-mode resonance filter

We have demonstrated a guided-mode resonance filter (GMRF) whose properties are tunable with laser illumination through the incorporation of a nonlinear dye. Laser illumination causes a change in the refractive index of the dye-doped portion of the structure, leading to controlled tuning of the GMRF reflectance spectrum. Changes in the refractive index of dye-doped regions are proportional to the intensity of the incident laser beam and are as high as Delta n = 0.09. The reflectance tuning effect occurs on a time scale of many seconds and is completely reversible upon termination of the laser illumination.     

SALSA: a pattern recognition algorithm to detect electrophile-adducted peptides by automated evaluation of CID spectra in LC-MS-MS analyses

A pattern recognition algorithm called SALSA (scoring algorithm for spectral analysis) has been developed to rapidly screen large numbers of peptide MS-MS spectra for fragmentation characteristics indicative of specific peptide modifications. The algorithm facilitates sensitive and specific detection of modified peptides at low abundance in an enzymatic protein digest. SALSA can simultaneously score multiple user-specified search criteria, including product ions, neutral losses, charged losses, and ion pairs that are diagnostic of specific peptide modifications. Application of SALSA to the detection of peptide adducts of the electrophiles dehydromonocrotaline, benzoquinone, and iodoacetic acid permitted their detection in a complex tryptic peptide digest mixture. SALSA provides superior detection of adducted peptides compared to conventional tandem MS precursor ion or neutral loss scans.     

Direct evidence of ionic fluxes across ion-selective membranes: a scanning electrochemical microscopic and potentiometric study

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) supplemented with potentiometric measurements was used to follow the time-dependent buildup of a steady-state diffusion layer at the aqueous-phase boundary of lead ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Differential pulse voltammetry is adapted to SECM for probing the local concentration profiles at the sample side of solvent polymeric membranes. Major factors affecting the membrane transport-related surface concentrations were identified from SECM data and the potentiometric transients obtained under different experimental conditions (inner filling solution composition, membrane thickness, surface pretreatment). The amperometrically determined surface concentrations correlated well with the lower detection limits of the lead ion-selective electrodes.     

Determination of swelling of responsive gels with nanometer resolution. Fiber-optic based platform for hydrogels as signal transducers

A novel technique for detection of hydrogel swelling intended for use as a chemical or biological sensor, but also generally applicable for obtaining high-precision hydrogel swelling data, is described. The underlying design principle is that a hydrogel bound to the tip of an optical fiber constituting the environmental sensing element makes up a Fabry-Perot cavity for high-resolution detection of the optical length. The interference of light guided by the optical fiber and reflected at the two interfaces, fiber-gel and gel-solution, enables optical detection of the optical path length within the gel and degree of swelling of the gel. Acrylamide-based hydrogels with various molar fractions of the cationic monomer, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)acrylamide, were fabricated at the end of the fiber to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. These sensors were investigated in solutions of varying ionic strength and pH. Relative gel length changes of the approximately 50-microm half-spherical gels were determined with a precision of approximately 2 nm. Moreover, the combination of good reproducibility and resolution of determination of swelling supports measurements of ionic strength changes in the millimolar range. Kinetic measurements for gel swelling induced by changes in ionic strengths had a time constant of approximately 2 s (half-spherical gel with 60-microm radius), whereas the time constants for gel swelling induced by changes in pH were observed in the range 90-130 s. Thus, different processes dictate the swelling rate in the two different cases. The results show that hydrogel equilibrium swelling and kinetics can be determined by the optical interference method with nanometer resolution, thus providing a unique platform for characterization of hydrogels swelling in general, and using functionalized hydrogels as biological sensors in particular.     

Survey of Ti-, B-, and Y-based soft x-ray-extreme ultraviolet multilayer mirrors for the 2- to 12-nm wavelength region

We have performed an experimental investigation of Ti-, B(4)C-, B-, and Y-based multilayer mirrors for the soft x-ray?extreme ultraviolet (XUV) wavelength region between 2.0 and 12.0 nm. Eleven different material pairs were studied: Ti/Ni, Ti/Co, Ti/Cu, Ti/W, B(4)C/Pd, B/Mo, Y/Pd, Y/Ag, Y/Mo, Y/Nb, and Y/C. The multilayers were sputter deposited and were characterized with a number of techniques, including low-angle x-ray diffraction and normal incidence XUV reflectometry. Among the Ti-based multilayers the best results were obtained with Ti/W, with peak reflectances up to 5.2% at 2.79 nm at 61° from normal incidence. The B(4)C/Pd and B/Mo multilayer mirrors had near-normal incidence (5°) peak reflectances of 11.5% at 8.46 nm and 9.4% at 6.67 nm, respectively, whereas a Y/Mo multilayer mirror had a maximum peak reflectance of 25.6% at 11.30 nm at the same angle. The factors limiting the peak reflectance of these different multilayer mirrors are discussed.