新型铁基非晶合金的研究

本文研究的新型铁基软磁非晶合金，既具有1．8T的高饱和磁感应强度，又具有相当钻基非晶合金的低的高频损耗、低矫顽力等特性，该合金还克服了超微晶材料的脆性和可加工性差的缺点，可用于直线感应加速器、压缩开关、磁放大器及逆变电源等设备中，命名为1K104。     

盾构隧道已开裂管片的受力变形特性

结合广州地铁某已运营的盾构区间隧道现状,通过采用三维Goodman单元来模拟管片已存在的裂缝,对盾构区间隧道已开裂管片的裂缝深度变化对管片结构造成的影响进行了分析,同时也对侧向土压力、地基弹簧系数以及地下水位等几种重要因素对管片受力变形特性的影响进行了评估。研究表明,随着裂缝深度的增加,管片砼的拉应力、压应力虽然达到最大值,但变化幅度并不大。但当裂缝接近径向贯通的时候,钢筋的拉应力值会大大增加,有可能超过允许值。同时,在盾构管片存在既有裂缝的情况下,盾构管片的最大拉应力值、水平和竖向收敛值、竖向沉降值均随侧向土压力系数、地基弹簧系数的减少而增大,同时随地下水位埋深的增大而增大。根据研究结果,对该区间隧道盾构隧道的裂缝等病害采取了针对性修复措施,目前无新的裂缝出现,总体处于稳定及安全的状态。     

激光预处理基体细化铬层晶粒的电镀机理研究

为了揭示激光淬火预处理钢基体细化镀铬层界面晶粒的电镀机理,采用理论和试验相结合的方法进行了理论分析和试验验证。用化学腐蚀法制备了铬层/激光离散预处理基体界面的两侧（铬层界面与基体界面）,利用扫描电镜研究了铬层界面晶粒形貌,利用激光粗糙度仪测量了基体界面粗糙度;借助电镀理论构建了以过电位为中间变量的铬层界面晶粒尺寸和基体界面粗糙度关系分析模型;取得了粗糙度与晶粒尺寸呈正比的试验结果和粗糙度与晶粒尺寸呈正比的理论关系,得到了淬火预处理钢基体细化镀铬层界面晶粒的电镀机理。结果表明,激光淬火预处理钢基体得到的较小粗糙度可以提高过电位,过电位的提高减小了铬层界面晶粒尺寸。这一结果对进一步解释激光淬火预处理可以提高基体/铬层界面结合强度是有帮助的。     

Directional distribution of the ambient neutron dose equivalent from 145-MeV ¹⁹F projectiles incident on thick Al target

The directional distribution of the ambient neutron dose equivalent from 145-MeV (19)F projectiles bombarding a thick aluminium target is measured and analysed. The measurements are carried out with a commercially available dose equivalent meter at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° with respect to the beam direction. The experimental results are compared with calculated doses from EMPIRE nuclear reaction code and different empirical formulations proposed by others. The results are also compared with the measured data obtained from an earlier experiment at a lower projectile energy of 110 MeV for the same target-projectile combination.     

Physicochemical and toxicological properties of commercial carbon blacks modified by reaction with ozone

Ozonation of two commercial carbon blacks (CBs), Printex 90 (P90) and Flammruss 101 (F101), was carried out and changes in their morphology, physical properties, and cytotoxicity were examined. The hypothesis examined was that different methods of manufacture of CBs influence their chemical reactivity and toxicological properties. Structural changes were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Introduction of surface oxygen functionality upon ozonation led to changes in surface charge, aggregation characteristics, and free radical content of the CBs. However, these changes in surface functionality did not alter the cytotoxicity and release of inflammation markers upon exposure of the CBs to murine macrophages. Interaction of macrophages with F101 resulted in higher levels of inflammatory markers than P90, and the only structural correlation was with the higher persistent radical concentration on the F101.     

Distribution, characteristics, and worldwide inventory of dioxins in kaolin ball clays

Distribution, characteristics, and global inventory of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins [PCDDs] and dibenzofurans [PCDFs] and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls) in kaolin clays collected from 10 countries were investigated. Dioxins were found in all kaolin clay samples analyzed, at total concentrations ranging from 1.2 pg/g (Brazil) to 520,000 pg/g (USA). Dioxin concentrations in kaolin clays from a few countries (e.g., Brazil and UK) were lower than those reported for background soils in Japan. Dioxin profiles in kaolin clays were characterized by the domination of the congener octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), and the concentrations of other congeners decreased in the order of reduction in the levels of chlorination. Furthermore, specific distribution of congeners, with predominant proportions of 1,4,6,9-substituted PCDDs within each homologue group, was found in most clay samples. The ratios of concentrations of PCDD to PCDF and 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD to 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD indicated differences in the profiles found for anthropogenic sources (including pentachlorophenol) and kaolin clays. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in kaolin clays, except for American ball clays, did not exceed the environmental criteria set by the Law Concerning Special Measures against Dioxins in Japan. Based on the average concentrations measured in our study, inventories of PCDD/Fs from the production/usage of ball clays on a global scale were estimated to be 650 kg/yr; the corresponding value on a TEQ basis is 2400 g-TEQ/yr. More than 480 kg of OCDD is estimated to be released annually from the production of kaolin clays worldwide, suggesting that kaolin clays can be a major contributor for additional source of dioxins, especially OCDD, in the environment.     

New insights to the use of ethanol in automotive fuels: a stable isotopic tracer for fossil- and bio-fuel combustion inputs to the atmosphere

Ethanol is currently receiving increased attention because of its use as a biofuel or fuel additive and because of its influence on air quality. We used stable isotopic ratio measurements of (13)C/(12)C in ethanol emitted from vehicles and a small group of tropical plants to establish ethanol's δ(13)C end-member signatures. Ethanol emitted in exhaust is distinctly different from that emitted by tropical plants and can serve as a unique stable isotopic tracer for transportation-related inputs to the atmosphere. Ethanol's unique isotopic signature in fuel is related to corn, a C4 plant and the primary source of ethanol in the U.S. We estimated a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for ethanol's oxidative loss in the atmosphere and used previous assumptions with respect to the fractionation that may occur during wet and dry deposition. A small number of interpretive model calculations were used for source apportionment of ethanol and to understand the associated effects resulting from atmospheric removal. The models incorporated our end-member signatures and ambient measurements of ethanol, known or estimated source strengths and removal magnitudes, and estimated KIEs associated with atmospheric removal processes for ethanol. We compared transportation-related ethanol signatures to those from biogenic sources and used a set of ambient measurements to apportion each source contribution in Miami, Florida-a moderately polluted, but well ventilated urban location.     

Naturally occurring sphalerite as a novel cost-effective photocatalyst for bacterial disinfection under visible light

The photocatalytic disinfection capability of the natural semiconducting mineral sphalerite is studied here for the first time. Natural sphalerite can completely inactivate 1.5 × 10(7) cfu/mL E. coli K-12 within 6 h under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic disinfection mechanism of natural sphalerite is investigated using multiple scavengers. The critical role that electrons play in bactericidal actions is experimentally demonstrated. The involvement of H(2)O(2) in photocatalytic disinfection is also confirmed using a partition system combined with different scavengers. Moreover, the photocatalytic destruction of bacterial cells is observed through transmission electron microscopic analysis. A catalase activity study reveals that antioxidative enzyme activity is high in the initial stage of photocatalytic disinfection but decreases with time due to damage to enzymatic functioning. Natural sphalerite is abundant and easy to obtain and possesses excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity. These superior properties make it a promising solar-driven photocatalyst for large-scale cost-effective wastewater treatment.