Characterization of the Resistance to Powdery Mildew and Leaf Rust Carried by the Bread Wheat Cultivar Victo

Leaf rust and powdery mildew are two important foliar diseases in wheat. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, obtained by crossing two bread wheat cultivars (‘Victo’ and ‘Spada’), was evaluated for resistance to the two pathogens at seedling stage. Upon developing a genetic map of 8726 SNP loci, linkage analysis identified three resistance Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), with ‘Victo’ contributing the resistant alleles to all loci. One major QTL (QPm.gb-7A) was detected in response to Blumeria graminis on chromosome 7A, which explained 90% of phenotypic variation (PV). The co-positional relationship with known powdery mildew (Pm) resistance loci suggested that a new source of resistance was identified in T. aestivum. Two QTLs were detected in response to Puccinia triticina: a major gene on chromosome 5D (QLr.gb-5D), explaining a total PV of about 59%, and a minor QTL on chromosome 2B (QLr.gb-2B). A positional relationship was observed between the QLr.gb-5D with the known Lr1 gene, but polymorphisms were found between the cloned Lr1 and the corresponding ‘Victo’ allele, suggesting that QLr.gb-5D could represent a new functional Lr1 allele. Lastly, upon anchoring the QTL on the T. aestivum reference genome, candidate genes were hypothesized on the basis of gene annotation and in silico gene expression analysis.     

PCD和PCBN刀片的经济磨削

现在．当重磨小型PCD和PCBN可转位刀片时，应用CNC技术具有很多优点：例如，一台革新的工具磨床能利用现有工艺并兼顾针对将来的工艺，这就是证明这种机床的基本特点是自动修磨砂轮、有一个集成的三维(3D）测量系统和编程简单。     

Carbohydrate–Lectin Interactions: An Unexpected Contribution to Affinity

Uropathogenic E. coli exploit PapG‐II adhesin for infecting host cells of the kidney; the expression of PapG‐II at the tip of bacterial pili correlates with the onset of pyelonephritis in humans, a potentially life‐threatening condition. It was envisaged that blocking PapG‐II (and thus bacterial adhesion) would provide a viable therapeutic alternative to conventional antibiotic treatment. In our search for potent PapG‐II antagonists, we observed an increase in affinity when tetrasaccharide 1 , the natural ligand of PapG‐II in human kidneys, was elongated to hexasaccharide 2 , even though the additional Siaα(2–3)Gal extension is not in direct contact with the lectin. ITC studies suggest that the increased affinity results from partial desolvation of nonbinding regions of the hexasaccharide; this is ultimately responsible for perturbation of the outer hydration layers. Our results are in agreement with previous observations and suggest a general mechanism for modulating carbohydrate–protein interactions based on nonbinding regions of the ligand.     

Extended Catalytic Scope of a Well‐Known Enzyme: Asymmetric Reduction of Iminium Substrates by Glucose Dehydrogenase

NADP(H)‐dependent imine reductases (IREDs) are of interest in biocatalytic research due to their ability to generate chiral amines from imine/iminium substrates. In reaction protocols involving IREDs, glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is generally used to regenerate the expensive cofactor NADPH by oxidation of d ‐glucose to gluconolactone. We have characterized different IREDs with regard to reduction of a set of bicyclic iminium compounds and have utilized ¹H NMR and GC analyses to determine degree of substrate conversion and product enantiomeric excess (ee). All IREDs reduced the tested iminium compounds to the corresponding chiral amines. Blank experiments without IREDs also showed substrate conversion, however, thus suggesting an iminium reductase activity of GDH. This unexpected observation was confirmed by additional experiments with GDHs of different origin. The reduction of C=N bonds with good levels of conversion (>50 %) and excellent enantioselectivity (up to >99 % ee) by GDH represents a promiscuous catalytic activity of this enzyme.     

FIB-Nanotomography of Particulate Systems—Part II: Particle Recognition and Effect of Boundary Truncation

The focused ion beam-nanotomography (FIB-nt) technique presented in Part I of this article is a novel high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) microscopy method that opens new possibilities for the microstructural investigation of fine-grained granular materials. Specifically, FIB-nt data volumes allow particle size distributions (PSD) to be determined, and the current paper discusses all the processing steps required to obtain the PSD from 3D data. This includes particle recognition and the subsequent PSD estimation. A refined watershed approach for 3D particle recognition that tolerates concavities on the particle surfaces is presented. Particles at the edge of the 3D data volume are invariably clipped, and because the data volume is of a very limited size, this effect of boundary truncation seriously affects the PSD and needs to be corrected. Therefore, two basic approaches for the stereological correction of the truncation effects are proposed and validated on artificially modeled particle data. Finally, the suggested techniques are applied to real 3D-particle data from ordinary portland cement and the resulting PSDs compared with data from laser granulometry.     

更智能的电梯传感器

今天，新兴的照相传感技术已可被运用在电梯技术中，从而提升了电梯的效率，安全和舒适。对于电梯效率最优化而言，轿厢面积被占用的百分比是一个关键数据。但是，现有的称重装置只能测出轿厢中的重量，却无法识别轿厢面积被占用的百分比。基于安全考虑，轿厢中的任何人或物都应被检测到。但是，现有的漫反射型传感器却无法实现，因为它无法检测到静止不动的物体。本文介绍的是基于新兴的CMOS照相技术研发的视觉传感器系统，对于该型传感器的分类使用，将解决上述问题，并使电梯更加舒适。对于该传感器的技术细节将在下文中，根据不同的应用事例做详细描述。     

Farm-gate nutrient balances of grassland-based milk production systems with full- or part-time grazing and fresh herbage indoor feeding at variable concentrate levels

Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems - Farm-gate balances for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were used to determine the potential nutrient surplus and nutrient-use efficiency of three...     

Adaptive data aggregation with probabilistic routing in wireless sensor networks

Periodical extraction of raw sensor readings is one of the most representative and comprehensive applications in Wireless sensor networks. In order to reduce the data redundancy and the communication load, in-network data aggregation is usually applied to merge the packets during the routing process. Aggregation protocols with deterministic routing pre-construct the stationary structure to perform data aggregation. However, the overhead of construction and maintenance always outweighs the benefits of data aggregation under dynamic scenarios. This paper proposes an Adaptive Data Aggregation protocol with Probabilistic Routing for the periodical data collection events. The main idea is to encourage the nodes to use an optimal routing structure for data aggregation with certain probability. The optimal routing structure is defined as a Multi-Objective Steiner Tree, which can be explored and exploited by the routing scheme based on the Ant Colony Optimization and Genetic Algorithm hybrid approach. The probabilistic routing decision ensures the adaptability for some topology transformations. Moreover, by using the prediction model based on the sliding window for future arriving packets, the adaptive timing policy can reduce the transmission delay and can enhance the aggregation probability. Therefore, the packet transmission converges from both spatial and temporal aspects for the data aggregation. Finally, the theoretical analysis and the simulation results validate the feasibility and the high efficiency of the novel protocol when compared with other existing approaches.