Salt intake in young children

Among adult Finns salt intake is about twice as high as the recommended levels and almost five-fold greater than the physiological requirement. Information as to salt intake in children has hitherto been sparse. Daily sodium intake among 1-5-year-olds was investigated in this study, and the foodstuffs from which it was derived were identified. In all age groups, sodium intake was at least two-fold greater than the Nordic recommendations, and among five-year-olds it exceeded the recommended intake for adults. Approximately half of the sodium intake was found to have derived from salt used in cooking. Levels of sodium derived by children from dairy, meat and grain products were also relatively high. Sodium intake in children after infancy merits greater attention than previously accorded it, as permanent eating habits and taste preferences are already formed at this age, and reasonable limits for salt intake should therefore be established during childhood.     

Diagnostic criteria for degenerative, inflammatory, proliferative nonneoplastic and neoplastic liver lesions in medaka (Oryzias latipes): consensus of a National Toxicology Program Pathology Working Group

Women residing in villages in three districts of Pakistan were recruited, trained to deliver primary care and mobilize their communities for health, assigned to limited catchment areas, provided with supervisory and managerial support, and remunerated. Their comprehensive activities substantially reduced infant, child and maternal mortality within a year and generated positive perceptions of family planning in the communities. The programme was cost-effective and appeared suitable as a model for reforming the organization and provision of health care services.     

A life-cycle approach to automation information management in the process industries

This paper presents an overview of the problems and possible solutions for automation information management and utilization in the process industries. The process plant life-cycle model is introduced and the cost structure of process automation investments is reviewed in this context. The general trends in process industry and developments in automation technologies are described and their effects are discussed. The advances in engineering CAD systems and their usability in solving the information management needs over the lifetime of process plants is assessed. This paper also presents one application of advanced engineering CAD system for automation information management in an oil refinery.     

Implementation of OpenFlow based cognitive radio network architecture: SDN&R

Wireless Networks - The static conventional network architecture is ill-suited to the growing management complexity and highly dynamic wireless network topologies. Software Defined Radio systems...     

超音速火焰喷涂碳化物粒径不同的WC-10Co4Cr涂层在粗细磨粒下的磨损性能

改进的ASTM G65橡胶轮测试方法可采用220nm二氧化钛颗粒和368μm的砂粒分别在潮湿和干燥条件下使用。在由碳化物粒径不同(传统和亚微米)的两种粉末所制备的WC-CoCr涂层上开展试验,研究碳化物大小和磨损介质特性对涂层磨损性能的影响。采用扫描电镜对同一位置磨损前后的低倍和高倍形貌进行观察,并分析了涂层的磨损机理。结果表明:磨损机理取决于碳化物和磨粒的相对大小。在样品上进行磨损定量分析,通过调整碳化物尺寸可改善磨损性能,测试涂层的一些力学性能用于对比。     

Friction and Wetting Transitions of Magnetic Droplets on Micropillared Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Reliable characterization of wetting properties is essential for the development and optimization of superhydrophobic surfaces. Here, the dynamics of superhydrophobicity is studied including droplet friction and wetting transitions by using droplet oscillations on micropillared surfaces. Analyzing droplet oscillations by high‐speed camera makes it possible to obtain energy dissipation parameters such as contact angle hysteresis force and viscous damping coefficients, which indicate pinning and viscous losses, respectively. It is shown that the dissipative forces increase with increasing solid fraction and magnetic force. For 10 µm diameter pillars, the solid fraction range within which droplet oscillations are possible is between 0.97% and 2.18%. Beyond the upper limit, the oscillations become heavily damped due to high friction force. Below the lower limit, the droplet is no longer supported by the pillar tops and undergoes a Cassie–Wenzel transition. This transition is found to occur at lower pressure for a moving droplet than for a static droplet. The findings can help to optimize micropillared surfaces for low‐friction droplet transport.     

ITER tungsten divertor design development and qualification program

In November 2011, the ITER Council has endorsed the recommendation that a period of up to 2 years be set to develop a full-tungsten divertor design and accelerate technology qualification in view of a possible decision to start operation with a divertor having a full-tungsten plasma-facing surface. To ensure a solid foundation for such a decision, a full tungsten divertor design, together with a demonstration of the necessary high performance tungsten monoblock technology should be completed within the required timescale. The status of both the design and technology R&D activity is summarized in this paper.