Modelling of Wideband Concentric Ring Frequency Selective Surface for5GDevices

Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) play an important role in wireless systems as these can be used as filters, in isolating the unwanted radiation, in microstrip patch antennas for improving the performance of these antennas and in other 5G applications. The analysis and design of the double concentric ring frequency selective surface (DCRFSS) is presented in this research. In the sub-6 GHz 5G FR1 spectrum, a computational synthesis technique for creating DCRFSS based spatial filters is proposed. The analytical tools presented in this study can be used to gain a better understanding of filtering processes and for constructing the spatial filters. Variation of the loop sizes, angles of incidence, and polarization of the concentric rings are the factors which influence the transmission coefficient as per the thorough investigation performed in this paper. A novel synthesis approach based on mathematical equations that may be used to determine the physical parameters of DCRFSS-based spatial filters is presented. The proposed synthesis technique is validated by comparing results from high frequency structure simulator (HFSS), Ansys electronic desktop circuit editor, and an experimental setup. Furthermore, the findings acquired from a unit cell are expanded to a 2 × 2 array, which shows identical performance and therefore proves its stability.     

Studies on Energetic Compounds Part 23: Preparation,Thermal and Explosive Characteristics of Transition Metal Salts of 5‐Nitro‐2,4‐Dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐Triazole‐3‐One (NTO)

Five transition metal salts of 5‐nitro‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐one, [namely M(NTO)_n⋅mH₂O where M is Ag, Hg, Cd, Cr, Fe where n=1,2,2,3,3 and m=1,2,2,8,2 respectively] were prepared and characterized (hereafter these compounds will be named as AgNTO, HgNTO, CdNTO, CrNTO and FeNTO, respectively). Their thermal decomposition was investigated by TG, DTA whereas explosive behaviour has been studied in terms of explosion delay, impact and friction sensitivities. Further, kinetic parameters have been derived using non‐isothermal TG data and mechanism of thermolysis has also been proposed. It seems that dehydration takes place prior to the evolution of NO₂ and the subsequent ring rupture yielding metal oxide. AgNTO on the other hand yields metallic silver. Dehydration in the case of HgNTO occurs in two steps: at each step one molecule is lost. All the salts are insensitive to impact and at the same time insensitive to friction up to 360 N.     

ARMS-EGR—Adaptive ranking and mobile sink-enabled energy-efficient geographic routing protocol in flying ad hoc networks

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become widespread because of their involvement in a variety of applications. The task of designing the energy-efficient routing between UAVs has been considered a matter of great interest due to the inherent challenges of controlling the dynamics exhibited by UAVs. Energy limitations are considered the main limitations of UAVs. This research paper proposes a novel routing protocol, adaptive ranking and mobile sink (MS)-enabled energy-efficient geographic routing (ARMS-EGR) for flying ad hoc networks. In ARMS-EGR, the whole network is partitioned into cells. The cell contains cell members (CM) and cell heads (CHs). The CH works as a cluster head. Additionally, two MSs have been used to collect data captured by CM. Multihop communication on the network leads to an increase in traffic and consumes the energy of the UAVs located near the base station (BS). MSs are used for power distribution and load balancing across the network. Adaptive ranking of forwarder UAVs and CHs is performed during intracell and intercell multihop communication, respectively, using adaptive ranking. A cell with one-hop communication can directly send packets to the MS, but the ARMS-EGR routing protocol has been proposed for multihop communication. The proposed approach is simulated in NS-2.35 software. The results show that end-to-end latency and power consumption during packet transmission are greatly minimized. ARMS-EGR also demonstrates improvements in message success rates, number of alive nodes, and packet delivery ratio, making ARMS-EGR particularly suitable for flying ad hoc networks (FANETs).     

Histomorphological,immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study on ontogeny of ileocaecal lymphoglandular complexes in prenatal and postnatal Indian buffalo: An innate mucosal immune barrier

The present study was conducted on prenatal and postnatal development of lymphoglandular complexes (LGCs) in ileocaecal region of buffalo fetuses (n = 15) ranging from 11.5 cm curved crown rump length (CVRL) (80 days) to 100 cm CVRL (299 days) and neonatal buffalo calves (n = 10). The fetuses were categorized into three groups based on their CVRL. LGC formation was not evident in ileocaecal junction up to 32 cm CVRL (145 days). At 35 cm CVRL (152 days), diffuse lymphocytes were scattered around the base of glands that encircled them. At 54 cm CVRL (195 days), lymphoid aggregates were present in submucosa around deep submucosal glands and formed primordia of LGCs in ileocaeccal orifice region. At 100 cm CVRL (299 days), these complexes were completely visible grossly. The distinguished lymphoid nodules in submucosa were invaded by submucosal extensions of overlying mucosal glands to form a large clear complex of glands and lymphoid nodules called as “Lymphoglandular complex” at this stage. It is the first report of prenatal development of LGCs in large intestine of buffaloes. Abundant CD3⁺ T cells were observed towards periphery of LGC. In neonates, these complexes were uniform, few with demarcation into dark and light zones that is, germinal center formation. Lymphocytes interspersed in lamina propria were mainly CD3⁺ T lymphocytes. In conclusion, the development of LGCs in ileocaecal region started prenatally in terms of all its cellular components into completely developed and immunocompetent to generate mucosal immunity.