Einsatz von programmierbaren Taschenrechnern für verfahrenstechnische Berechnungen

Using of programmable pocket-calculators for process engineering calculations . Part of a chemical engineer's daily work are repeated calculations to illustrate special relations. Suitable for this purpose are programmable pocket computers, which allow easy and quick programming by the user. This contribution gives brief instructions for creation of short and more complex programs in addition to those found in the user's manual. Independently of calculator type and nature of the problem, the single steps required to get a complete program are described. Using a special example from chemical engineering, the optimal pathway from the algorithm to the program listing is shown for two calculator types.     

Magnetic field effect on the photocrosslinking of a butadiene-styrene copolymer modified by benzoyl or phenylacetyl groups

Summary A butadiene-styrene copolymer was partially modified by Friedel-Crafts reaction of phenyl groups with benzoyl chloride or phenylacetyl chloride. The resulting benzoylphenyl and phenylacetylphenyl groups served as photosensitizers for a subsequent crosslinking by u.v. irradiation. The extent of crosslinking was measured by sol/gel analysis. Crosslinking was carried out without magnetic field and with magnetic field of flux density 1.0 Tesla. The experiments with magnetic field yielded about 5% less soluble polymer, corresponding to a higher crosslink degree. The data were evaluated by statistical methods.     

Kompaktiergranulieren mit Walzenpressen

Compacting granulation in roller presses . The application and handling, as well as storage and transport, of a bulk solid depend not only on its material properties but to a considerable degree upon its properties of state, such as the fineness of a solid. In cases where the excessively fine division of a solid has detrimental effects, recourse can be taken to increasing the particle size. Among the methods of granulation developed for this purpose in recent years, that of compacting granulation has prooved to be especially well suited. The heart of a compacting granulation system is the compacting process performed by roller presses. This review therefore critically examines the parameters influencing product quality, throughput, and energy consumption. Typical applications are presented to illustrate compacting granulation systems.     

Identification and Rejuvenation of NBTI-Critical Logic Paths in Nanoscale Circuits

The Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) phenomenon is agreed to be one of the main reliability concerns in nanoscale circuits. It increases the threshold voltage of pMOS transistors, thus, slows down signal propagation along logic paths between flip-flops. NBTI may cause intermittent faults and, ultimately, the circuit’s permanent functional failures. In this paper, we propose an innovative NBTI mitigation approach by rejuvenating the nanoscale logic along NBTI-critical paths. The method is based on hierarchical identification of NBTI-critical paths and the generation of rejuvenation stimuli using an Evolutionary Algorithm. A new, fast, yet accurate model for computation of NBTI-induced delays at gate-level is developed. This model is based on intensive SPICE simulations of individual gates. The generated rejuvenation stimuli are used to drive those pMOS transistors to the recovery phase, which are the most critical for the NBTI-induced path delay. It is intended to apply the rejuvenation procedure to the circuit, as an execution overhead, periodically. Experimental results performed on a set of designs demonstrate reduction of NBTI-induced delays by up to two times with an execution overhead of 0.1 % or less. The proposed approach is aimed at extending the reliable lifetime of nanoelectronics.     

Tangible displays for the masses: spatial interaction with handheld displays by using consumer depth cameras

Spatially aware handheld displays are a promising approach to interact with complex information spaces in a more natural way by extending the interaction space from the 2D surface to the 3D physical space around them. This is achieved by utilizing their spatial position and orientation for interaction purposes. Technical solutions for spatially tracked displays already exist in research laboratories, e.g., embedded in a tabletop environment. Along with a large stationary screen, such multi-display systems provide a rich design space with a variety of benefits to users, e.g., the explicit support of co-located parallel work and collaboration. As we see a great future in the underlying interaction principles, the question is how the technology can be made accessible to the public. With our work, we want to address this issue. In the long term, we envision a low-cost tangible display ecosystem that is suitable for everyday usage and supports both active displays (e.g., the iPad) and passive projection media (e.g., paper screens and everyday objects such as a mug). The two major contributions of this article are a presentation of an exciting design space and a requirement analysis regarding its technical realization with special focus on a broad adoption by the public. In addition, we present a proof of concept system that addresses one technical aspect of this ecosystem: the spatial tracking of tangible displays with a consumer depth camera (Kinect).     

Conservation laws with discontinuous flux: a short introduction

Conservation laws with discontinuous flux have attracted recent attention both due to their numerous applications and the intriguing theoretical challenges raised by their well-posedness and numerical analysis. This introductory note states the basic problem considered in the eight contributions of this Special Issue. Three different types of applications are surveyed where these equations appear, motivated by spatially heterogeneous physical models, adjoint problems for parameter identification, and numerical methods for systems of conservation laws, respectively. Basic problems arising in the analysis of these equations are discussed, and the contributions of the Special Issue are presented.     

Analysis of Mitochondrial Function,Structure, and Intracellular Organization In Situ in Cardiomyocytes and Skeletal Muscles

Analysis of the function, structure, and intracellular organization of mitochondria is important for elucidating energy metabolism and intracellular energy transfer. In addition, basic and clinically oriented studies that investigate organ/tissue/cell dysfunction in various human diseases, including myopathies, cardiac/brain ischemia-reperfusion injuries, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and aging, require precise estimation of mitochondrial function. It should be noted that the main metabolic and functional characteristics of mitochondria obtained in situ (in permeabilized cells and tissue samples) and in vitro (in isolated organelles) are quite different, thereby compromising interpretations of experimental and clinical data. These differences are explained by the existence of the mitochondrial network, which possesses multiple interactions between the cytoplasm and other subcellular organelles. Metabolic and functional crosstalk between mitochondria and extra-mitochondrial cellular environments plays a crucial role in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and physiology. Therefore, it is important to analyze mitochondria in vivo or in situ without their isolation from the natural cellular environment. This review summarizes previous studies and discusses existing approaches and methods for the analysis of mitochondrial function, structure, and intracellular organization in situ.