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Besides serving with their public and religious functions to the city, Ottoman kulliyes were the focal points which develop the urban pattern of their surroundings and the city. Sinan's kulliyes were established as important centers both serving the society and expressing the imperial power during the busiest years of the empire in terms of construction and building activities. Their location in the city was chosen particularly and many parameters were taken into account and evaluated while deciding upon the site selection. On the other hand, the fact that each kulliye might have its own specific conditions makes it difficult to determine the parameters in question. Generalizing to some extent, this study aims to determine the site selection factors and puts the effects of these factors forward in both site selection and space arrangements of the kulliyes all of which stand on different points of the city. Within the framework of the aim of the study, the analysis and its findings provide not only to determine how the kulliyes were located in the city but also indicate the importance of site selection and its effects on the built environment in architecture by means of Sinan's kulliyes. Identification of these effects would also demonstrate whether there is an interaction between site selection and formation of the kulliyes. The presence of the interaction in other words formation of the complex with respect to its location would be an indicator of the relationship of buildings with its surroundings and even with the city. 相似文献
23.
Luciano Piergiovanni Ghislain Fotie Luana Amoroso Begum Akgun Sara Limbo 《Packaging Technology and Science》2019,32(12):637-640
A wide family of cellulose‐based additives are authorized worldwide as fillers and thickening agents in foods, pills, and tablets, and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is, among these, the most important one. Since MCC manufacturing is similar to the main production route of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), it is reasonable to wonder whether the MCC would contain CNCs as minor components. In this Short Communication, we provide first results about the occurrence of CNCs in MCC, observed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy after serial filtrations of MCC suspensions. The incidence of cellulose nanoparticles has been proved in several different trials in our ongoing works on diverse MCC samples, and the nanoparticles isolated showed shape and dimensions similar to those commonly produced by acidic hydrolysis at laboratory level. Therefore, the presence of CNCs in many products is considered as a certainty. The foods and the pharmaceuticals we have been consuming so far do indeed contain traces of CNCs to such an extent that this wide presence in consumed products should be taken into account when considering possible limitations of the use of these nanoparticles in food contact materials manufacture. 相似文献
24.
Ali Haider Cagla Ozgit‐Akgun Eda Goldenberg Ali Kemal Okyay Necmi Biyikli 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2014,97(12):4052-4059
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) thin films were deposited on silicon and quartz substrates using sequential exposures of triethylboron and N2/H2 plasma in a hollow‐cathode plasma‐assisted atomic layer deposition reactor at low temperatures (≤450°C). A non‐saturating film deposition rate was observed for substrate temperatures above 250°C. BN films were characterized for their chemical composition, crystallinity, surface morphology, and optical properties. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depicted the peaks of boron, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen at the film surface. B 1s and N 1s high‐resolution XPS spectra confirmed the presence of BN with peaks located at 190.8 and 398.3 eV, respectively. As deposited films were polycrystalline, single‐phase hBN irrespective of the deposition temperature. Absorption spectra exhibited an optical band edge at ~5.25 eV and an optical transmittance greater than 90% in the visible region of the spectrum. Refractive index of the hBN film deposited at 450°C was 1.60 at 550 nm, which increased to 1.64 after postdeposition annealing at 800°C for 30 min. These results represent the first demonstration of hBN deposition using low‐temperature hollow‐cathode plasma‐assisted sequential deposition technique. 相似文献
25.
The objective of this research was to determine the effect of drainage pH on physicochemical, biochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of Mozzarella cheese made from buffalo milk during refrigerated storage. Four vats of cheese were made at 4 different whey drainage pH (6.2, 5.9, 5.6, and 5.2). Lower drainage pH caused higher pH 4.4-soluble N and pH 4.4-soluble N:total N. Interaction of drainage pH at d 1 and 30 of storage on all soluble nitrogen fractions was significant. Degradation of caseins in samples made at a drainage pH of 6.2 was lower than that of other cheese samples. The decreasing whey drainage pH significantly increased counts of thermophilic and mesophilic lactobacilli of the samples during refrigerated storage. No coliforms or Escherichia coli were detected in the cheeses. The average sensory property scores of all cheese samples were very close, and, as expected, storage time had a negative effect on all sensory scores. 相似文献
26.
Early deuteration steps of Pd- and Ta/Pd- catalyzed Mg70Al30 thin films observed at room temperature
Christopher Harrower Eric Poirier Helmut Fritzsche Peter Kalisvaart Sushil Satija Bulent Akgun David Mitlin 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2010
Deuterium absorption in Mg70Al30 thin films coated with a Pd layer and a Ta/Pd bilayer were investigated using in situ neutron reflectometry at room temperature and deuterium pressures up to 1.3 bar. The approach used provides a detailed profile, at the nanoscale, of the deuterium content inside the specific layers that constitute the films. It is found that Mg70Al30 can store up to 5 wt.% under these mild conditions following a two-step mechanism. The latter involves the deuteration of the top and bottom catalyst layers first, followed by the main Mg70Al30 layer. The presence of deuterium throughout the films in the early absorption stages evidences atomic deuterium spillover from the catalyst layers. The addition of a Ta layer between the Pd and Mg70Al30 was found to allow observable absorption at a pressure 10 times lower than on the Ta-free sample, without affecting the storage capacity. Our measurements imply that this improvement in kinetics is due to a lowering of the nucleation barrier for the formation of the hydride phase in the Mg70Al30 layer. 相似文献
27.
Hardening of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with laser surface melting (LSM) and laser surface alloying (LSA) techniques was attempted. Both LSM and LSA were carried out in a nitrogeneous atmosphere. Niobium, molybdenum and zirconium were used as alloying elements in the LSA. A hardness increase was observed for both LSM and LSA. Maximum hardness was obtained for LSM and zirconium alloy addition. In LSM, hardness increased almost three-fold in comparison to the substrate, which has a Vickers hardness of 350, by the formation of TiN in the region of 100 m melt depth. Hardness then decreased slowly and reached a minimum of 580 VHN at the maximum melt depth of 750 m. However, hardness for the zirconium alloy addition was uniform throughout the melted zone. Ageing treatments were performed for all specimens at 450C and different ageing times. Hardness measurements and X-ray diffraction were utilized to delineate the features associated with the hardening of the melted zone. 相似文献
28.
The long-term durability of varnished wooden surfaces used in either indoors or outdoors environments depends on the resistance of varnish layers on these surfaces against potential physical, mechanical and chemical effects to which they may be exposed. In this study, “Nanolacke ultraviolet varnish”, developed by a Turkish dying and varnish industry company and widely accepted as a 21st century technology has been compared to other conventional varnish systems widely used in the industry in terms of dry film resistance properties. In this study, cellulosic, polyurethane, polyester, synthetic and Nanolacke ultraviolet varnish have been applied on beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) wood samples which had been prepared according to the industry standards. Then, the hardness and adhesion resistance of these layers have been determined according to ASTM D 4366 and ASTM D 3359-2 standards, respectively. 相似文献
29.
M. Akgun O. Aydin K. Kaygusuz 《Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects》2013,35(14):1315-1326
Abstract In this study, experiments are conducted to investigate charging and discharging characteristics of a paraffin as a phase change material (PCM). A vertical tube-in-shell geometry is designed to store the PCM. The thermophysical properties of the paraffin examined are determined through the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis. A series of experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of increasing the inlet temperature and the mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) both on the charging and discharging processes (i.e., melting and solidification) of the PCM. 相似文献
30.
Mine Akgun 《纺织学会志》2013,104(8):845-852
Surface roughness properties of wool fabrics are one of the important parameters of clothing quality and hand feeling. This paper presents a comparison between surface roughness characteristics of wool fabrics produced from different constructional parameters such as warp and weft yarn density, weft yarn count, and weave pattern. Roughness values of fabrics were affected by constructional parameters and the effects were related to fabric cover, fabric thickness, and crimps of yarns in fabric structure. A general overview of the results showed that surface roughness of wool fabrics decreased and the effect of changes in structural construction decreased as cover of fabrics increased. 相似文献