Multiterminal light-emitting logic device electricallyreprogrammable between OR and NAND functions

A monolithic multiterminal logic device that functions both optically and electrically as an ORNAND gate, is demonstrated for the first time. The device, based on the real-space transfer of hot electrons into a complementary collector layer, has been implemented in an InGaAs/InAlAs/InGaAs heterostructure grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Excellent performance is obtained at room temperature. The collector current and the optical output power both exhibit the OR and the NAND functions of any two of the three input terminals, these functions being interchangeable by the voltage on the third terminal     

Crystal structure of tRNA-guanine transglycosylase: RNA modification by base exchange

tRNA-guanine transglycosylases (TGT) are enzymes involved in the modification of the anticodon of tRNAs specific for Asn, Asp, His and Tyr, leading to the replacement of guanine-34 at the wobble position by the hypermodified base queuine. In prokaryotes TGT catalyzes the exchange of guanine-34 with the queuine (.)precursor 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine (preQ1). The crystal structure of TGT from Zymomonas mobilis was solved by multiple isomorphous replacement and refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 19% at 1.85 angstrom resolution. The structure consists of an irregular (beta/alpha)8-barrel with a tightly attached C-terminal zinc-containing subdomain. The packing of the subdomain against the barrel is mediated by an alpha-helix, located close to the C-terminus, which displaces the eighth helix of the barrel. The structure of TGT in complex with preQ1 suggests a binding mode for tRNA where the phosphate backbone interacts with the zinc subdomain and the U33G34U35 sequence is recognized by the barrel. This model for tRNA binding is consistent with a base exchange mechanism involving a covalent tRNA-enzyme intermediate. This structure is the first example of a (beta/alpha)-barrel protein interacting specifically with a nucleic acid.     

Enhanced electron emission from phosphorus-doped diamond-cladsilicon field emitter arrays

Undoped and phosphorus (P)-doped diamond-clad Si field emitter arrays have been successfully fabricated using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) technology. The electron emission from the blunt diamond-clad microtips are much higher than those for the pure Si tips with sharp curvature due to a lower work function. Furthermore, the characteristics of emission current against applied voltage for the P-doped diamond-clad tips show superior emission at lower field to the undoped ones. After the examination of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and electrical characteristics of as-grown diamond, such a significant enhancement of the electron emission from the P-doped diamond-clad tips is attributed to a higher electron conductivity and defect densities     

Important lessons derived from X.500 case studies

X.500 is a new and complex electronic directory technology that is still unproven in many organizations. The author presents case studies of 15 pioneering pilot and operational X.500 based directory services, and provides valuable insights into how organizations are coming to understand this new technology and derive benefits from it. The case studies presented cover a reasonably broad spectrum of organizations, including computer suppliers, government organizations, universities, and research institutes, as well as the UK and US defense community. Some of the factors that were critical to the success of the X.500 projects studied are identified     

The natural killer cell receptor specific for HLA-A allotypes: a novel member of the p58/p70 family of inhibitory receptors that is characterized by three immunoglobulin-like domains and is expressed as a 140-kD disulphide-linked dimer

Human natural killer (NK) cells express inhibitory receptors that are specific for different groups of HLA-C or HLA-B alleles. The majority of these receptors belong to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and are characterized by two or three extracellular Ig-like domains. Here we describe a novel inhibitory NK receptor that is specific for a group of HLA-A alleles. The HLA-A3-specific NK cell clone DP7 has been used for mice immunization. Two mAbs, termed Q66 and Q241, bound to the immunizing clone and stained only a subset of NK cell populations or clones. Among Q66 mAb-reactive clones, we further selected those that did not express any of the previously identified HLA-class I-specific NK receptors. These clones did not lyse HLA-A3+ (or -A11+) target cells, but lysis of these targets could be detected in the presence of Q66 or Q241 mAbs. On the other hand, target cells expressing other HLA-A alleles, including -A1, -A2, and -A24, were efficiently lysed. Moreover, none of the HLA-C or HLA-B alleles that were tested exerted a protective effect. Q66+, but not Q66- NK cell clones, expressed messenger RNA coding for a novel 3 Ig domain protein homologous to the HLA-C (p58) and HLA-B (p70) receptors. The corresponding cDNA (cl.1.1) was used to generate transient and stable transfectants in COS7 and NIH3T3 cell lines, respectively. Both types of transfectants were specifically stained by Q66 and Q241 mAbs. Since the cytoplasmic tail of Q66-reactive molecules was at least 11 amino acid longer than the other known p58/p70 molecules, we could generate an antiserum specific for the COOH-terminus of Q66-reactive molecules, termed PGP-3. PGP-3 immunoprecipitated, only from Q66+ NK cells, molecules displaying a molecular mass of 140 kD, under nonreducing conditions, which resolved, under reducing conditions, in a 70-kD band. Thus, differently from the other p58/p70 receptors, Q66-reactive molecules appear to be expressed as disulphide-linked dimers and were thus termed p140. The comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences of p58, p70, and p140 molecules revealed the existence of two cysteins proximal to the transmembrane region, only in the amino acid sequence of p140 molecules.     

Sensorless speed measurement using current harmonic spectralestimation in induction machine drives

This paper proposes a sensorless speed measurement scheme that improves the performance of transducerless induction machine drives, especially for low-frequency operation. Speed-related harmonics that arise from rotor slotting and eccentricity are analyzed using digital signal processing. These current harmonics exist at any nonzero speed and are independent of time-varying parameters, such as stator winding resistance. A spectral estimation technique combines multiple current harmonics to determine the rotor speed with more accuracy and less sensitivity to noise than analog filtering methods or the fast Fourier transform. An on-line initialization routine determines machine-specific parameters required for slot harmonic calculations. This speed detector, which has been verified at frequencies as low as 1 Hz, can provide robust, parameter-independent information for parameter tuning or as an input to a sensorless flux observer for a field-oriented drive. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated over a wide range of inverter frequencies and load conditions     

Autonomous vehicles

There are various kinds of autonomous vehicles (AV's) which can operate with varying levels of autonomy. This paper is concerned with underwater, ground and aerial vehicles operating in a fully autonomous (nonteleoperated) mode. Further this paper deals with AV's as a special kind of device, rather than full-scale manned vehicles operating unmanned. The distinction is one in which the AV is likely to be designed for autonomous operation rather than being adapted for it as would be the case for manned vehicles. We provide a survey of the technological progress that has been made in AV's, the current research issues and approaches that are continuing that progress, and the applications which motivate this work. It should be noted that issues of control are pervasive regardless of the kind of AV being considered, but that there are special considerations in the design and operation of AV's depending on whether the focus is on vehicles underwater on the ground, or in the air. We have separated the discussion into sections treating each of these categories     

Improved accuracy of burn wound assessment using laser Doppler

The utility of the laser Doppler for determining burn depth has been questioned because of problems with technology and methodology. This study prospectively evaluates the ability of a new laser Doppler technique to predict burn healing time. Using the Periflux System 4000 laser Doppler, readings were taken on 305 burns (147 patients) on postburn day 3 or 4. Sixty-six wounds were used to derive a predictive function (phase I) and 152 wounds were used to test the function (phase II). Blood flow dynamics (flux), microvascular dilation capacity of the wounds to beat stress, and flow motion wave pattern (vasomotion) were studied using the laser Doppler, and seven parameters were evaluated to determine their relative contribution to the prediction of healing time. These parameters are hyperemic flux (flux value after heating to 42 degrees C), average hyperemic wave amplitude (AHWA), number of average flux units >100(F100), number readings with wave amplitude 75 (A5), average flux change (AFC), percentage of average flux increase, and relative flow capacity (RFC = AFC/average hyperemic flux). After readings were made, the wounds were observed and divided into two groups: those that healed in less than 14 days and those that healed or were grafted after 14 days. A step-wise discriminant analysis was used to assess the relative contribution of the Doppler-derived measures to healing time prediction. AHWA, F100, and RFC were included in the final discriminant function explaining 72% of the healing time variance (Wilks' lambda value 0.28; p value <0.0001). Predicted outcome = 0.05(AHWA) + 0.31(F100) + 5.0(RFC) - 2.3. With this derived function, there is 94% accuracy in the prediction of burn wound healing time compared with a physician predictive accuracy of 70%.     

Dependence of attenuation in a vegetation canopy on frequency andplant water content

Theory is presented to provide insight into the observation that attenuation through vegetation is proportional to vegetation water content. In this analysis, the canopy is modeled as a sparse layer of randomly oriented particles (leaves, stalks, etc.) over a flat, homogeneous ground plane (soil) and an expression is obtained for the “optical depth”. The formulas developed by Ulaby and El Rayes are used to relate this expression to the water content of the canopy. In the low frequency extreme (Rayleigh scatterers), the attenuation varies almost linearly with water content and inversely with wavelength. In contrast, in the high frequency limit, the attenuation is independent of both water content and frequency, in between, geometry dependent “resonances” occur even at the low frequency end of the microwave spectrum (e.g. L-band) making the dependence of attenuation on frequency and water content specific to canopy architecture     

WKB近似下的Fourier衍射成象方法

对于介质目标微波衍射成象，本文引入了ＷＫＢ近似来模拟目标内部总场。基于这种近似，我们导出了Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ衍射公式，并采用了广义滤波逆传播方法由目标空间谱实现目标特性的重建。计算机模拟结果表明采用ＷＫＢ近似重建目标特性较Ｂｏｒｎ近似有明显改善。