Formation of α-Tocopherolquinone and α-Tocopherolquinone Epoxides in Plant Oil

The antioxidative activity of α-tocopherol in oil is necessary for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. If no regeneration of antioxidants is possible in foods, oxidation products are formed to a measurable extent. The aim of this study was to investigate oxidation products of α-tocopherol in plant oil. The oxidation of α-tocopherol in plant oil leads to α-tocopherolquinone and to two epoxides (α-tocopherolquinone-2,3-epoxide, α-tocopherolquinone-5,6-epoxide). These three reaction products were identified and quantified in plant oil. The 2,3-epoxide is formed at lower temperatures (90°C) whereas at high temperatures (180–220°C) only the 5,6-epoxide appears. The kinetics show that the 5,6-epoxide is produced as long as α-tocopherol is present. With longer reaction times the concentration of the 5,6-epoxide starts to decrease. α-Tocopherolquinone is found at substantially lower concentrations.     

Unterscheidung von Palmölen und Palmöl-Fraktionen durch HPLC der Triglyceride

Analytical Characterisation of Palm Oil Fractions by HPLC of Triglycerides The increasing importance of palm oils and palm oil fractions in international trade makes it necessary to develop analytical criteria for the characterisation of these products. One problem is the correct identification of palm oleins, which are often difficult to distinguish from palm oils. These products frequently exhibit similar fatty acid by GLC and similar iodine values. The correct identification of palm stearins by GLC is comparatively more easy. Palm oleins and palm oils can be characterized by HPLC using conditions that permit not only the separation of triolein from less unsaturated triglycerides of the same carbon number, but also, at the same time, a separation of tripalmitin from triglycerides containing oleic acid. By establishing the peak area ratios for a number of selected triglycerides a clear differentiation between palm oils and palm oleins, as well as various other palm oil fractions and their mixtures is obtained.     

Einfluß der Produkteigenschaften auf die Trocknung

Influence of Product Properties on Drying. A number of items of information are required for selection and design of a drying process. Thermodynamic equilibrium as well as heat and mass transfer are the traditional prerequisites for describing the drying operation. In the development of a drying process further specific properties of the product must be known. These properties, such as chemical reactions or sticking properties, greatly reduce the number of possible drying processes. For this reason, the measurement of these properties plays an important role in the development of a drying process. Many of the bench scale tests in use do not have a physical basis, but have been developed empirically because the physical context is often unknown. Yet a number of physically well-defined methods are available for product characterization. In practical work a combination of empirical and scientifically defined methods is used.     

Kinetic studies of the pyrolysis of sewage sludge by tga and comparison with fluidized beds

The pyrolysis of sewage sludge was examined by thermogravimetric analysis using different heating rates, particle sizes and final temperatures. A semi-empirical model was developed with four global consecutive/competitive reactions to volatile and solid products including also a heat balance. This model was extrapolated to isothermal reactor conditions and compared to experimental data on fluidized bed pyrolysis. Depending on the particle size and reactor temperature, about 90% of the maximum conversion in a fluidized bed takes place under external heat transfer control, the rest under kinetic control. Incomplete conversion occurs at short particle residence times, which were calculated approximately by the model.     

载重轮胎及一体化系统的发展

近来 ,载重轮胎行业获得了令人瞩目的发展。常规载重轮胎的功能已从一个可独立使用的制品变为汽车设计中一个一体化的配件。目前对轮胎的期望甚至包括轮胎应是一种其性能适应各种外部条件和行驶环境的智能轮胎。作为行驶动力学范畴的一个结构元素 ,轮胎是不同汽车系统中的部件 ,它们影响到出行和运输的经济性和生态环保等方面 ,而且还对驾车乐趣起决定作用。大陆公司的变化是分阶段进行的 ,第 1阶段从轿车开始 ,这一阶段用了 1～ 2年时间 ,随后便是载重轮胎和一体化系统的发展。1　新品种的开发开发新产品目前是而且以后仍将是大陆公司的核…     

Stationäre Chemische Energieumwandlung als Herausforderungen für den Verfahrensingenieur

Meeting future energy demands with more efficient, lower emission, and safe energy technologies has top priority in the medium term. Consumer-friendly energy concepts, integrated into regional and supraregional energy supply structures, represent further elements. These will make important contributions to resource-conserving and environmentally compatible power supplies utilizing local energy sources including renewable resources. Supplying energy to large areas involves additional tasks, from compensation of large amounts of fluctuating energy to the transport of fluctuating energy to the transport of renewable energy over long distances. Solar dish, parabolic section, and tower power generating plant have considerable economic and CO₂-reduction potential in sunny countries, such as in the Mediterranean region, However, the costs of solar-thermal electricity generation have to be reduced by a factor of 1.5 to 2. Fuel cell systems can attain particular significance as efficient low-emission energy conversion systems in power plant and automative engineering once their technical and economic potential can be realized.     

A theory of topological constraints in polymer networks

Summary This paper presents an investigation of the dependence of harmonic-like topological constraints in entangled and moderately crosslinked polymer networks on segment and crosslink density and on the deformation of the sample. The approach is an extension of a theory developed for the highly crosslinked case and for polymer melts. The results are used to discuss the influence of topological constraints on the mechanical properties of different types of rubberelastic networks.     

A Complete and Highly Effective Mothproofing Agent Comprising a Pyrethroid and a Hexahydropyrimidine

Pyrethroids, considered as a general class of compounds, have been shown to provide effective protection from the larvae of the keratin-digesting insects Tineola bisselliella H., Tinea pellionella Linn., Hofmannophila pseudo-spretella Station and Attagenus piceus Oliv. The position regarding the susceptibility of the furniture carpet beetle to pyrethroids is less clear, however. It has been reported that both deltamethrin and permethrin are effective against Anthrenus flavipes Le Conte, whilst permethrin is also reported elsewhere to be effective against the same species. Results obtained in our laboratory, however, have indicated that pyrethroids may offer inadequate protection against Anthrenus vorax Waterh. [1, 2]. This latter species is identical to Anthrenus flavipes var. seminiveus Casey, a colour variety of Anthrenus flavipes Le Conte. The 1,3-disubstituted5-phenylcarbamoyl-2,4,6-trioxo- and 4,6-dioxo-2-thione-hexahydropyrimidine derivatives described in this paper exhibit a surprisingly high and selective toxicity to the Anthrenus species. Thus, a combination of an appropriate hexahydropyrimidine with a suitable pyrethroid, e.g. permethrin, provides complete control of a wide range of commonly encountered textile insect pests. The influence of substituents on the mothproofing activity is discussed.