Survey on communication architectures for wind energy integration with the smart grid

Communication systems are needed to integrate generated power from wind farms with the electrical grid. This paper provides a comprehensive review of available communication technologies, protocols and objectives related to wind energy and electrical grid integration. This paper summarizes the communication system solutions for wind generation. A major obstacle is an absence of unified communication architectures and standards.     

Diurnal and seasonal variabilities in surface ozone and its precursor gases at a semi‐arid site Anantapur (14.62°N, 77.65°E, 331 m asl) in India

Measurements of surface ozone and its precursor gases (NO_x and CO) have been made at a semi‐arid site Anantapur (14.62°N, 77.65°E, 331 m asl) in tropical Indian region for the period, 2001–2003. NO_x and CO levels were the highest during morning and late night hours at this site. Diurnal variations of ozone concentrations varied from 25 ppbv to 50 ppbv and were observed to increase gradually after sunrise, attaining a maximum value by the evening and decreasing gradually thereafter. During monsoon months, the diurnal amplitude of ozone was found to be small (20–25 ppbv). Seasonal variation in ozone showed a pronounced maximum (40–50 ppbv) in the winter and summer. Local pollutants were major contributors to the ozone levels during this period. Ozone shows a yearly mean mixing ratio of about 35.9 ± 8.8 ppbv. The daytime concentration of CO and NO_x varied between 200 to 1200 ppbv and 3 to 20 ppbv respectively for the period studied. Annual average mixing ratios of oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) and CO were observed to be 3.9±0.6 ppbv and 436±64 ppbv, respectively.     

Feasibility study of carbon capture and storage on NLC India Ltd

India is one of the largest growing economies in the world. It has a GDP of 2487.94 billion US dollars as of 2017. Around 61.297% of power generation is by utilising abundantly available lignite blended with imported coal. India is slowly cutting out its demand for imported coal from other countries. It has built its own lignite-based power plant to overcome the need of imported coal. The impact on cost of electricity (COE) and net power output (NPO) after retrofitting carbon capture and storage (CCS) over a lignite-based power plant of India is analysed. In this paper, a feasibility study is carried out for NLC India Ltd Barsingsar power plant by retrofitting CCS. The results obtained from the Integrated Environmental Control Model (IECM) Software are positively strong enough to encourage CCS implementation. Various strategies for utilising the CO₂ capture and carbon storage sites are suggested.     

Behaviour of CI engine performance,combustion and exhaust emission with neem biodiesel at varied fuel injection rates

Motorisation and fast depletion of fossil fuel reserves and issues like global warming have led the researchers all over to look for substitute fuels. Biodiesel resulting from vegetable oil is being used around the globe to lessen air pollution and reduce the necessity of diesel fuel. The current study covers the various aspects of N20 neem biodiesel with increased fuel injection pressure. The blends of N20 were tested with increased fuel injection pressure to examine the characteristics such as brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, emission and combustion parameters. Experimental results indicated that N20 with 240?bar has a closer performance to diesel, reduced exhaust emission and improved combustion parameters.     

Effect of methanol gasoline blended fuels on the performance and emissions of SI engine

This article presents experimental results of the effect of methanol gasoline blends as alternate fuels for the spark ignition (SI) engine. As the cost of the gasoline is periodically increasing the quest for the alternative fuels are evolved with which the emissions are reduced along with improved engine performance. A set of experiments have been conducted to investigate the effect of gasoline methanol blends in methanol percentages of M5, M10 and M15 on the engine performance and emissions. A significant reduction in emissions is observed with methanol blends compared to the standard gasoline with improved engine performance and emission characteristics. The fuels blends ranging from M10 to M15 have been found suitable for reduced emissions and improved engine performance.     

Control of time-dependent effects in steel-concrete composite frames

Studies are presented for the control of time-dependent effects of creep and shrinkage in steel-concrete composite frames with pre-cast concrete slab for both shored and un-shored constructions. A developed hybrid procedure has been used for carrying out the studies. The procedure accounts for creep, shrinkage and progressive cracking in concrete slab panels. Two frames, a single storey and a five storey frame are considered. It is shown that, for both the types of constructions, shored and un-shored, the increase in bending moments and mid-span deflections can be controlled to a significant degree, without putting constraints on design parameters, by simply delaying the time of mobilization of composite action between the pre-cast concrete slab panels and the steel section. It is also found that though there is insignificant effect of type of construction on bending moments, the percentage change in mid-span deflection due to creep and shrinkage is significantly higher for shored construction.     

Electrochemical treatment of cotton textile-based dyeing effluent

The electrochemical treatment (ECT) of textile wastewater was carried out in a 1.5 dm³ electrolyte batch reactor using iron electrodes. With the four plate configurations, a current density (CD) of 89.2 A/m² and a pH value of 8.5 were found to be optimal, at which maximum reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour achieved were 86% and 79%, respectively. Loss of 0.0666 kg/m³ iron electrode and 18.44 kWh/m³ power consumption was observed during ECT with a maximum COD reduction of 79%. The settling characteristics of electrochemically treated effluents as well as the characteristics of foam and residue were also analysed.     

Recovery of deuterium from hydrogen–deuterium mixture using palladium

The applicability of palladium for the separation of hydrogen isotopes (hydrogen and deuterium) is evaluated systematically by generating isotherm data and conducting column experiments in a laboratory set-up. Effect of various parameters such as concentration of the isotopic mixture, particle size, eluent flow rate, etc. is studied experimentally. A fixed-bed chromatographic model is developed and validated using the experimental data. The model is further used to predict the performance of a multi-column configuration for large-scale separation. Chromatographic separation is thus found to be a promising technique to achieve the required purity and hence it may be clubbed with the existing systems (e.g. cryogenic distillation) to obtain enhanced performance.     

Modeling of single-lap composite adhesive joints under mechanical and thermal loads

Two-dimensional (plane-stress and plane-strain) theoretical models are presented for stress analysis of adhesively bonded single-lap composite joints subjected to either thermal or mechanical loading or a combination thereof. The joints consist of similar/dissimilar orthotropic or isotropic adherends and an isotropic adhesive interlayer. The governing differential equation of the problem is obtained using a variational method which minimizes the complementary strain energy in the bonded assembly. In this formulation, through-thickness variation of shear and peel stresses in the interlayer is considered. Both shear and normal traction-free boundary conditions are exactly satisfied. Peel and shear stresses obtained from plane-strain analytical models considering a homogeneous adhesive interlayer are in close agreement with those of the finite element predictions. A systematic parametric study is also conducted to identify an ideal set of geometric and material parameters for the optimal design of single-lap composite joints.