The State of the Art in HDR Deghosting: A Survey and Evaluation

Obtaining a high quality high dynamic range (HDR) image in the presence of camera and object movement has been a long‐standing challenge. Many methods, known as HDR deghosting algorithms, have been developed over the past ten years to undertake this challenge. Each of these algorithms approaches the deghosting problem from a different perspective, providing solutions with different degrees of complexity, solutions that range from rudimentary heuristics to advanced computer vision techniques. The proposed solutions generally differ in two ways: (1) how to detect ghost regions and (2) what to do to eliminate ghosts. Some algorithms choose to completely discard moving objects giving rise to HDR images which only contain the static regions. Some other algorithms try to find the best image to use for each dynamic region. Yet others try to register moving objects from different images in the spirit of maximizing dynamic range in dynamic regions. Furthermore, each algorithm may introduce different types of artifacts as they aim to eliminate ghosts. These artifacts may come in the form of noise, broken objects, under‐ and over‐exposed regions, and residual ghosting. Given the high volume of studies conducted in this field over the recent years, a comprehensive survey of the state of the art is required. Thus, the first goal of this paper is to provide this survey. Secondly, the large number of algorithms brings about the need to classify them. Thus the second goal of this paper is to propose a taxonomy of deghosting algorithms which can be used to group existing and future algorithms into meaningful classes. Thirdly, the existence of a large number of algorithms brings about the need to evaluate their effectiveness, as each new algorithm claims to outperform its precedents. Therefore, the last goal of this paper is to share the results of a subjective experiment which aims to evaluate various state‐of‐the‐art deghosting algorithms.     

Pricing decisions in a strategic single retailer/dual suppliers setting under order size constraints

In this paper, we study a duopolistic market of suppliers competing for the business of a retailer. The retailer sets the order cycle and quantities from each supplier to minimize its annual costs. Different from other studies in the literature, our work simultaneously considers the order size restriction and the benefit of order consolidation, and shows non-trivial pricing behaviour of the suppliers under different settings. Under asymmetric information setting, we formulate the pricing problem of the preferred supplier as a non-linear programming problem and use Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions to find the optimal solution. In general, unless the preferred supplier has high-order size limit, it prefers sharing the market with its competitor when retailer’s demand, benefit of order consolidation or fixed cost of ordering from the preferred supplier is high. We model the symmetric information setting as a two-agent non-zero sum pricing game and establish the equilibrium conditions. We show that a supplier might set a ‘threshold price’ to capture the entire market if its per unit fixed ordering cost is sufficiently small. Finally, we prove that there exists a joint-order Nash equilibrium only if the suppliers set identical prices low enough to make the retailer place full-size orders from both.     

Investigations of resolution limits for indirect microwave holographic imaging

This work describes how indirect holography which has previously been applied to the determination of antenna radiation patterns can be adapted for the imaging of passive objects. It provides details of how complex scattered field values can be obtained in a simple and inexpensive manner from sampled scalar intensity measurements taken over a single scanning aperture. This work uses indirect holographic techniques to image a number of simple objects including a rectangular metallic plate, a small metal plate covered by a dielectric sheet and a small metallic circular annulus. This work demonstrates that good quality images can be reconstructed from simple scalar intensity patterns. It demonstrates that clear outlines can be obtained in particular from reconstructed phase patterns and that good images can be obtained from objects with dimensions of the order of a half wavelength. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2013.     

真空膜装置用于家庭废水回用

孔径为0．038μ并且总表面积为540m^2的平板膜生物反应器（MBR）在安卡拉METU大学间歇式运行了一年，用于处理来自宿舍和学院楼的家庭污水。MBR设备的第一阶段连续运行140天，水力保留时间在18-22h。这段时间内，污泥浓度从开始的2．4g／L增加到21g／L。当DO保持超过2．0mg／L时，该设备可以稳定地生产完全硝化的排出水。     

Phase Recovery in an Optical Imaging System with Diffraction Loss

Abstract

Two-dimensional phase retrieval from two intensity measurements in an optical imaging system with diffractive loss is studied by using the Yang and Gu (YG) algorithm. The diffraction loss is introduced by using different sizes of a rectangular aperture. The simulation results show that the YG algorithm gives good results even when the system possesses large diffractive loss due to the small size of the aperture. In order to improve the convergence rate and to further reduce the final error at convergence, a modification to the YG algorithm is discussed. Simulation results show a substantial increase in the convergence rate and reduction in the final error with the modified algorithm as compared to the original algorithm. The resulting procedure is believed to be a good approach for reaching the global minimum.     

Intermittent and Continuous Microwave-Convective Air-Drying Characteristics of Sage (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvia officinalis</Emphasis>) Leaves

The effect of microwave-convective air-drying (continuous and intermittent) and convective air-drying of sage (Salvia officinalis) on color and essential oil content were studied. For microwave-convective air-drying, four pulse ratio levels (PR1, PR2, PR3, and PR4) at 25 °C drying air temperature were used and the average drying rates were 0.404, 0.158, 0.114, and 0.085 kg H₂O kg^?1 DM min^?1 for PR1, PR2, PR3, and PR4, respectively. For convective air-drying, two drying temperatures of 40 and 50 °C were examined and the average drying rates were 0.005 and 0.006 kg H₂O kg^?1 DM min^?1 for 40 and 50 °C, respectively. The experimental data were fitted to 11 different moisture ratio models to describe the drying kinetics under various drying conditions. Page model was found satisfactory to describe the drying curves of sage leaves. Comparing with the fresh sage, lightness (L*), greenness, and yellowness decreased for all drying applications. Lightness, greenness, and yellowness of the convective air-dried sage leaves were higher than those of microwave-convective air-dried sage leaves. The deviation from fresh product color (ΔE*) increased as the pulse ratio or the drying air temperature increased. The total quantity of essential oils of sage decreased considerably during microwave-convective air-drying whereas the loss of essential oils was limited during air-drying.     

Drying Characteristics and Quality Parameters of Microwave-Dried Grated Carrots

The effectiveness of various microwave-convective drying treatments was compared with convective drying to determine the most favourable treatments in terms of drying kinetics, specific energy consumption and dried product quality of grated carrots. The quality of the dried products differed among drying treatments depending on the microwave power level, pulse ratio and drying temperature. The intermittent microwave-convective drying at ambient temperature with a pulse ratio of 3.0 at 2.23 W?g^?1 provided considerable savings in drying time and specific energy consumption when compared to convective drying and produced high-quality product with better physical (colour and texture) and sensory attributes for carrots. The intermittent microwave-convective drying conducted at lower drying temperature with relatively long power-off time resulted in a more stable and gentle drying process and could be preferred to produce high-quality products.