A Rough Shear-Thinning Correction for EHD Film Thickness

A film thickness correction for shear-thinning in elastohydrodynamic contacts has been available that requires parameters obtained from flow curves generated for the specific liquid. For instances for which reduced accuracy is acceptable, a new rough film thickness correction has been formulated for pure rolling and a moderate amount of sliding based on Van Krevelen's graphical technique of estimating shear-thinning from the molecular weight. It has been shown to be useful for high-molecular-weight base oils, when lubricant specific shear-thinning data is absent, although it should most often overestimate the film thinning.     

MEASUREMENT OF FLUID FOOD VISCOSITY USING MICROFABRICATED RADIO FREQUENCY COILS

We report on the use and applicability of microfabricated radio frequency (r.f.) coils for viscosity measurements of fluid foods. The viscosity of fluid milk and milklike products was measured using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging based on microfabricated r.f. coils coupled to in‐line tubing with an inner diameter of 1.4 × 10^‐3 m. The fluid's apparent viscosity ranged from 0.002 to 0.08 Pa·s. The magnetic resonance‐based measurements were limited in shear rate range because of the small size of the coil. Magnetic resonance‐based measurements from 2 to 15 s^‐1 were obtained and were equivalent to off‐line rotational rheometry.     

ON POWER EQUATIONS RELATING STRESS TO SHEAR RATE IN RHEOLOGY

A brief outline is given of the use history of power equations in rheology and dimensional difficulties are discussed. No complete explanation is yet available for the very wide application of these equations, but a few special cases are cited. Possible applications to texture studies are considered.     

SELF-RESPECT AND CIVIC CULTURE: TOWARDS INDICATORS

In this essay the concept of self-respect is defined as “deference among equals.” In exploring the application of the concept in modern cities, it is considered in the light of differentiation and inequalities, as well as the process of maintaining social order. From this ensues an examination of the situations in which respect is tendered or denied, by what are predictably public actions; from another point of view, they are Everyman's engagements with institutional structures and organizational rules. From these are developed possible indicators of (1) the degree to which self-respect exists for citizens and agents in terms of a common moral order and (2) the degree to which the social and physical environment are conducive to self-respect. Thus a rudimentary theory of self-respect, derived from the social psychology of Cooley and Meade, may be applied to compare American cities. Which cities have created a civic culture conducive to citizen self-respect?     

Developments in the measurement of reinforcement strain distributions in reinforced concrete members

A technique is described for measuring in detail the longitudinal strain distribution along the reinforcement of reinforced concrete members by means of strain gauges installed in a central duct within the reinforcement. Results of a preliminary test are given.     

ENERGY USE IN TOMATO PASTE EVAPORATION

The energy consumption of several tomato paste evaporators was monitored to provide baseline data for equipment selection or modification. Daily average performance data are given for single, double and triple effect evaporators. Average daily steam economies for the single effect evaporator ranged from 0.74 to 1.02 and averaged 0.84 compared to a theoretical average of 0.95. Two similar double effect evaporators had average daily steam economies which ranged from 0.79 to 2.03. The average daily steam economy measured was 1.45 while the theoretical average was 1.91. The average daily steam economies for the three triple effect evaporators ranged from 1.66 to 3.06.     

Factors Affecting Catalase Activity in Staphylococcus aureus MF-31

Selected conditions were examined for their possible roles in the regulation of catalase activity in Staphylococcus aureus MF-31. The addition of the heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid resulted in increased catalase activity whereas the addition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide did not. Catalase activity decreased when S. aureus MF-31 cells were grown in media containing glucose. Cells grown in media with succinate or citrate substituted for glucose exhibited increased catalase activity. Cells grown in tryptic soy broth (0.5% NaCl) supplemented with NaCl showed increased catalase activity at salt concentrations up to 3%.     

Design and Performance of a High-Temperature X-Ray Diffractometer Furnace

A high-temperature X-ray diffractometer furnace that can be operated for extended periods at 2700°F in air has been constructed. The furnace has been operated successfully for shorter periods to 2800°F in air. Construction details are presented. This research tool has been used to follow the polymorphic inversions of silica from quartz in various high-purity silica materials. The rate of inversion from quartz to cristobalite and tridymite has been found to be a function of crystallite size rather than of particle size.