Physical connections between feeder cells and recipient normal mammary epithelial cells

Amphotericin B (AmB) is the most widely used polyene antibiotic to treat systemic fungal infections which affect an increasing number of immunocompromised patients. It is generally thought that AmB forms pores within the fungi membranes by interacting with ergosterol, the main sterol of fungi. However, it also interacts with the cholesterol contained in mammalian cells, hence its toxicity. In order to have a better understanding of the interactions prevailing between AmB and sterols, differential scanning calorimetry was used to study various mixtures incorporating from 6.5 to 25 mol% of AmB in pure dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles and in ergosterol- or cholesterol-containing DPPC vesicles. The sterol concentration was kept constant at 12.5 mol% with respect to the phospholipid. Our results show that three phases co-exist when AmB is dispersed in the pure phospholipid. One corresponds to the phospholipid phase alone. The two others are characterised by a broad transition at temperatures higher than the main transition temperature of the pure phospholipid, corresponding to the drug in interaction with the aliphatic chains of the lipid. The fact that the transition temperatures of these additional components are higher than that of the pure phospholipid suggests that AmB interacts strongly with the aliphatic chains of the lipid, consistent with the idea prevailing in the literature that AmB by itself may form pores in a lipid matrix. When AmB interacts with cholesterol-containing bilayers the thermograms also present three components. Upon increasing the concentration of AmB, though, an important broadening of these components is observed which is explained in terms of destabilisation of the organisation of the aliphatic chains. The situation is strikingly different if ergosterol is present in the lipid matrix. The thermograms remain unmodified as the concentration of AmB is increased and a broad transition, now involving only two components when the thermograms are decomposed, is observed. An analysis of the results shows that various interacting units, e.g. AmB+DPPC and (AmB+ergosterol)+DPPC, are present within the membrane. These units involve the phospholipid and hence contribute to its structurisation. The important differences between the thermograms obtained with the ergosterol- as compared to the cholesterol-containing bilayers, in spite of the structural similarity of these two sterols, provides strong evidence for the selectivity of interaction of AmB with ergosterol as compared to cholesterol. It is thus clear that the action of AmB on cholesterol- as compared to ergosterol-containing membranes results from different mechanisms. Finally, UV-visible spectra of AmB in pure as well as sterol-containing DPPC vesicles show the presence of absorption bands that give support to the interpretation derived from the calorimetric data.     

Evaluation of nefazodone as a serotonin uptake inhibitor and a serotonin antagonist in vivo

Nefazodone (2-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-5-ethyl- 2,4-dihydro-4-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of depression. Antagonism of serotonin type 2A (5HT2A) receptors, as well as inhibition of the serotonin (5HT) uptake carrier, has been suggested to contribute to the antidepressant action of nefazodone in vivo (Eison et al., 1990). Nefazodone weakly antagonized the quipazine-induced rise in rat serum corticosterone levels and the quipazine-induced increase in rat hypothalamic 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol sulfate, suggesting blockade of 5HT2A receptors in vivo. Nefazodone, however, failed to antagonize the p-chloroamphetamine-induced depletion of mouse or rat brain 5HT, displaying a lack of effect on the 5HT uptake carrier. These data extend previous in vitro and in vivo data (Eison, et al. 1990) reporting nefazodone to be an antagonist at 5HT2A receptors, but fail to show inhibition of the 5HT uptake carrier in the same dose range.     

Postpartum amenorrhoea in rural eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

This paper calculates the mean duration of the postpartum amenorrhoea (PPA) and examines its demographic, and socioeconomic correlates in rural north India, using data collected through 'retrospective' (last but one child) as well as 'current status' (last child) reporting of the duration of PPA. The mean duration of PPA was higher in the current status than in the retrospective data; the difference being statistically significant. However, for the same mothers who gave PPA information in both the data sets, the difference in mean duration of PPA was not statistically significant. The correlates were identical in both the data sets. The current status data were more complete in terms of the coverage, and perhaps less distorted by reporting errors caused by recall lapse. A positive relationship of the mean duration of PPA was found with longer breast-feeding, higher parity and age of mother at the birth of the child, and the survival status of the child. An inverse relationship was found with higher education of a woman, higher education of her husband and higher socioeconomic status of her household, these variables possibly acting as proxies for women's better nutritional status.     

An MLP-based model for identifying qEEG in depression

Manual differentiation of electroencephalography (EEG) paper recordings in cases of depression is not very helpful. So, a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) has been used to differentiate the EEG power density spectra (qEEG) in the wakeful state from animals (control, exercised and depressed). The qEEG ranging from 1 to 30 Hz, at 1 Hz increments (30 input features) and also a slow, medium and fast activity (represented by three ranges of frequencies at the input) were used. After training with depressed and control qEEG only, the MLP has been found to distinguish successfully between the normal and the depressed rats in more than 80% of the cases, identifying, in the process, most of the exercised groups' EEG as normal. The reduction in the dimension of input features from 30 individual frequencies to 3 frequency bands has produced similar results. The rules generated for making such distinctions have been found to be similar to the clinical views.     

Structure-based design of cathepsin K inhibitors containing a benzyloxy-substituted benzoyl peptidomimetic

Peptidomimetic cathepsin K inhibitors have been designed using binding models which were based on the X-ray crystal structure of an amino acid-based, active site-spanning inhibitor complexed with cathepsin K. These inhibitors, which contain a benzyloxybenzoyl group in place of a Cbz-leucine moiety, maintained good inhibitory potency relative to the amino acid-based inhibitor, and the binding models were found to be very predictive of relative inhibitor potency. The binding mode of one of the inhibitors was confirmed by X-ray crystallography, and the crystallographically determined structure is in close qualitative agreement with the initial binding model. These results strengthen the validity of a strategy involving iterative cycles of structure-based design, inhibitor synthesis and evaluation, and crystallographic structure determination for the discovery of peptidomimetic inhibitors.     

Characterization of ovomucoid-specific T-cell lines and clones from egg-allergic subjects

Three-dimensional gel culture systems represent conditions that mimic the differentiated state of mesenchymal cells in vivo. We examined gel contraction, cell growth, and phenotypic modulation of rabbit arterial SMC in three-dimensional gel culture. The gel contraction rate was dependent on the collagen type; that is, the contraction by freshly isolated SMC was faster and more pronounced in type I collagen than in type III collagen. In contrast, the phenotypic modulation of SMC was independent of collagen type. The major portion of cells in both type I and III collagens with growth factors underwent transition from a contractile (G0 phase) to a synthetic phenotype (G1B phase), but this transition was clearly delayed compared with that on collagens. The cells had hardly begun DNA synthesis in either collagen type and failed to proliferate even after 10 days of culture. These results indicate that collagen type is important in gel contraction by vascular SMC, while the organization of collagen fibrils (two-dimensional vs three-dimensional) is more critical in the phenotypic transition and proliferation of these cells. However, the more specific organization of extracellular matrix than the collagen gel culture system may be necessary to maintain the contractile phenotype of SMC.     

Pyrazoline bisphosphonate esters as novel antiinflammatory and antiarthritic agents

Vinylidenebisphosphonic acid tetraethyl ester (1) and diazo ketones 7a-1 in ether at 22 degrees C yield pyrazoline bisphosphonate tetraethyl esters 8a-1 in moderate to good yield. These compounds were evaluated in animal models of arthritis: rat adjuvant-induced polyarthritis (AIP) and murine antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) and a murine model of chronic inflammation, the delayed type hypersensitivity granuloma reaction (DTH-GRA). (5-Benzoyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-ylidene)-bisphosphonic acid tetraethyl ester (8a), and [5-(3-fluorobenzoyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyraxol-3-ylidene]- bisphosphonic acid tetraethyl ester (8d) significantly inhibited the arthritis models, AIP (15 mg/kg) and AIA (25 mg/kg), as well as the DTH-GRA (25 mg/kg). Conversion of 8a to the corresponding bisphosphonic acid, 10a, resulted in loss of activity. Compounds with alkyl substituents on the pyrazoline nitrogen, 9a-d, were inactive in the DTH-GRA. These results show that 8a and 8d have novel antiinflammatory activity and are capable of inhibiting chronic arthritis and inflammation in animals. Such compounds might be useful in man for treating chronic tissue injury associated with arthropathies such as inflammatory joint disease as well as other chronic inflammatory diseases.