The relationship of trainee self-efficacy to the process and outcome of career counseling.

This investigation examined the role of counselor trainees' self-efficacy on measures of career counseling process, "small o" outcome, and outcome with actual clients. Twenty-four counselor trainees saw 55 clients in 3 to 12 individual sessions. Results indicated that (a) career counseling self-efficacy increased by a standard deviation from prepracticum to postpracticum; (b) client scores significantly improved from pretest to posttest across multiple career outcome measures; (c) clients' working alliance, goal attainment, and decidedness indicated significant growth; (d) the significant growth on the process variable and small o outcome variables did not appear to be related to career counseling self-efficacy; and (e) career counseling self-efficacy apparently related to certain career counseling outcome measures in a manner suggesting much greater complexity than the "more self-efficacy is better" philosophy would imply. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Creep behaviour of polymer blends based on epoxy matrix and intractable high Tg thermoplastic

Polymer blends based on intractable, high temperature‐resistant thermoplastic polyetherimide (PEI) and epoxy‐amine (EA) were processed by dissolution of the thermoplastic into the epoxy‐amine precursors, followed by subsequent reaction. Because the PEI concentration was higher than the critical concentration, phase separation produced a dispersion of crosslinked thermoset (EA) in a PEI matrix. The creep behaviour of the blends were investigated in the temperature range near the glass transition of the thermoset phase. To account for the experimental data, two ways of modelling were explored, assuming (1) perfect coupling between phases (2) total debonding. Comparison between experimental data and modelling results indicates that a strong debonding process takes place even at low stress. This conclusion is in fair agreement with the low value of the estimated interfacial adhesion at the PEI matrix–EA particles interface. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Marital functioning and depressive symptoms: Evidence for a stress generation model.

The present study applied C. L. Hammen's (1991) stress generation model to depressive symptoms in the context of marriage. The authors predicted that depressive symptoms would lead to increased marital stress, which would in turn lead to increased depressive symptoms. Social support processes were hypothesized to function as a mechanism by which dysphoric spouses generate stress. Hypotheses were tested in a sample of 154 newlywed couples. Depressive symptoms, marital stress, support perceptions, and support behavior (assessed using observational procedures) were assessed initially and 1 year later. Results provided evidence of marital stress generation among wives, and social support processes functioned as a mechanism of stress generation for wives. Results highlight the cyclical course of dysphoria and stress among wives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting boys' early-onset substance abuse from father's alcoholism, son's disruptiveness, and mother's parenting behavior.

Sons of male alcoholics (SOMAs) are said to be at risk for alcoholism. The present study examined 4 groups of 13-year-old boys: SOMAs with and without disruptive behaviors, disruptive boys who were not SOMAs, and control participants. The classification of disruptive was based on 7-year longitudinal data, and father's alcoholism was determined by standardized tests. Mothers' nurturance and promotion of autonomy were assessed in a laboratory setting; boys' substance abuse was measured by self-report methods in the same year as the observation. Boys with disruptive behaviors showed the most substance abuse; no effect of father's alcoholism was found. Disruptive boys' mothers were significantly less nurturant and demanded obedience rather than promoted autonomy. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the boys' disruptive behavior and the mother's lack of nurturance predicted early-onset substance abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interface, instructional approach, and domain learning with a mathematics problem-solving environment

In this paper, we conceptualize computer-based instruction (CBI) as involving both a primary task, learning a particular domain, and several secondary tasks centered around learning to use the instructional approach and manipulate the interface efficiently. We argue that the complexity and compatibility of the domain, instructional approach, and system interface separately and interactively influence the ease with which students are able to learn the subject matter. Examples show how looking at CBI in this way provides a framework for better understanding the results of some previous studies of CBI and CBI-related interface design. We also describe an experiment that attempted to dissociate the separate effects of these components on domain learning. The experiment examined the pretest-posttest performance differences of remedial subjects who learned to solve mathematics word problems.     

Spaced-trials reward magnitude effects in the rat: Single versus multiple food pellets.

Trained 56 male Charles River hooded rats in a runway with either small- or large-reward magnitude. Both small and large rewards were presented in single- or multiple-pellet form. 1 training trial was given each day for 120 days. Early in training, the large-reward Ss ran faster than those receiving small reward, and the effect was more pronounced in the multiple-pellet condition. Later in training, the small-reward Ss equaled the performance of Ss receiving large reward and even ran somewhat faster in the run section of the alley. The typical extinction effect of greater persistence for small-reward Ss was observed, but only in the goal section. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sur le mecanisme de substitution des cations Sn4+ et Fe2+ dans la magnetite

The distribution of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ in Fe_3?xSn_xO₄ solid solution has been established from saturation magnetization measurements. From these results it may be suggested that Fe²⁺ in A site destabilizes Fe³⁺ in A site at the expense of Fe²⁺ in B site.     

Note-taking in the employment interview: Effects on recall and judgments.

Although note-taking in the employment interview is highly recommended, little research has examined its effects. This study investigated the effects of note-taking styles, review of the notes, and content of the notes on participants' cued recall of information and decisions made from videotaped employment interviews. Note-taking increased recall accuracy but not judgment accuracy. Being able to review notes resulted in increased judgment accuracy for those taking conventional-style notes. The content of the notes also had important implications for conventional note-takers, suggesting some benefits of recording notes using the key-points style. The findings suggest that the act of note-taking may be more important for memory and legal reasons than for improving the decisions made by interviewers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)