The Effect of Barley Adjuncts on Free Amino Nitrogen Contents in Wort

Free amino nitrogen (FAN) and other low‐molecular‐weight nitrogen compounds (LNC) are highly important as nutrients for yeast. Many different types of low‐malt beer exist around the world, some of which are produced with barley as an adjunct. In these cases, inhibitors contained in barley are known to influence the amount of LNC in wort. Accordingly, it is important to investigate which proteinase class is key in producing these compounds. By investigating the relationship between the FAN contained in wort produced from malt and barley (barley adjunct wort) and malt proteinase activity, it was found that cysteine proteinase and 1,10‐orthophenanthroline (O‐Phen)‐inhibitable metallo proteinases had a significant correlation to the barley adjunct wort FAN levels. In addition, the relationship between malting conditions and these proteinase activities was investigated and the conditions defined for maximal production of proteinases as follows: steeping degree, 50%; germination temperature, 12°C; germination days, 6 days; water spray, 3 times and concentration of gibberellic acid, 10 mg/kg (barley).     

护毛法回收的猪毛通过爆发性膨胀处理的溶解性

本文报导了通过爆发性膨胀增加猪毛溶解度的方法,从而使得保毛脱毛法所回收的猪毛能够得到更有效的利用。     

A note on the resistance to brittle fracture in various ceramic materials

The square of the ratio of the abraded bending strength, _d, to the unabraded bending strength, , is proposed as a measure of the resistance to crack propagation in ceramic materials. Data for various porcelains, glass-ceramics, and glasses showed that _d is essentially constant and that (_d/)² decreased rapidly with increase of the unabraded strength.     

Evolutionary synthesis method of energy integrated distillation separation process

A two-stage evolutionary method is developed to synthesize an optimal energy integrated distillation separation process: the search of the separation sequence, and the introduction of energy integration to the given separation sequence. For the former an evolutionary procedure first generating initial separation sequences and then evolving them is developed. For the latter an evolutionary procedure, first indicating the direction of the evolution by the thermodynamic analysis and then estimating it based on the objective function, is developed. An example problem of a five-component separation demonstrates the effectiveness of this proposed method.     

Temperature acceleration of CMOS IC operating life

We carried out the high temperature operating life test (HTOT) of CMOS ICs which include n-channel ROMs which were contaminated deliberately by leaving naked for a long time in the room ambient before moulding and got the bimodal failure distributions consisting of m = 0.3–0.5 and m = 2.6–3.3 parts in the Weibull chart.At the same time, the activation energy of 1.14 eV was obtained for m = 2.6–3.3 parts. In order to make clear the failure mechanism of the latter part, we made the test devices for detecting channel leakage current (abbrev. TEG) and checked the shift of leakage current and life acceleration due to temperature in HTOT. Then we found that leakage currents of TEGs have an incubation time, their activation energy was nearly equal to that of the CMOS ICs above and m = 2.6–3.3 for CMOS ICs were reasonably explained due to the gradient α of the logarithm of the median leakage current to that of time.Also we got a 40 times longer life for the same CMOS ICs coated with Si₃N₄ film instead of SiO₂. And finally, from these data, we could verify the cause of failure in CMOS ICs.     

Characteristics of heart rate variability entropy and blood pressure during hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease

Entropy (ENT) is a newly developed measure of the complexity of heart rate variability (HRV). The aim of this study was to characterize the complexity of HRV in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and to find a possible clinical utility. Healthy subjects and patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis (HD) were recruited. The HD population consisted of patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). An electrocardiogram was recorded before HD, and blood pressure was measured during HD. The coefficients of variation of R-R intervals, high- and low-frequency components, and ratio of the low- to high-frequency components were measured as variables of HRV. The ENT was used to describe the complexity of HRV. Forty-six healthy subjects and 27 HD patients participated in this study. The ENT negatively correlated with the duration of DM (p = 0.001), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.003), and mean blood pressure (p = 0.004) before a HD session. ENT in HD patients was lower than that in healthy subjects (p < 0.01). ENT in HD patients with DM was lower than that in HD patients without DM (p < 0.01). The change in systolic blood pressure (DeltaSBP) during a HD session showed high correlations to ENT and ultrafiltration rate (UFR) of the dialyzer. The following equation was obtained: DeltaSBP = 2.25 x ENT - 2.28 x UFR - 21.27 (R2 = 0.805; p < 0.0001). ENT decreased with uremic and diabetic status. ENT also represents a possible prediction of hypotension during a HD session.     

Fractional power approximations of elliptic integrals and bessel functions

In the previous papers [1][3], fractional powers were used to approximate elementary functions and their usefulness was proved with experimental results. In the present paper, some further investigations are reported. That is, elliptic integrals in Legendre's canonical form and Bessel functions are approximated by fractional powers. As the fractional power approximation,

f(x) c₀ + c₁x + c₂x^p

is discussed. When all coefficients c₀, c₁, c₂, p are properly assigned, the accuracy of this approximation becomes comparable to that of the Chebyshev approximation using polynomials up to the third degree.     

Road traffic accidents and the Abbreviated Injury Scale (ais) in Japan

Although in Japan the number of casualties from road traffic accidents decreased substantially during a period of improvement of safety measures, in recent years it has remained rather constant. To decrease accidents still further it is necessary to investigate the circumstances of road traffic accidents and the severity of resulting casualties in detail. For this purpose 167,721 cases of road traffic accident casualties occurring between February and April 1979, throughout Japan were analyzed. (1) It was found that 74.2% of all the cases suffered injuries corresponding to AIS-1; 30% of these involved neck injuries. (2) There were 2,654 fatal cases, 67% of which involved head injuries, chiefly cerebral contusion, cranial base fracture, and intracranial hemorrhage. There were fatal cases in the categories of AIS-3 or below which are generally considered not fatal, but those were due to complications. (3) The chief sites of injury varied according to the victim's mode of transport: in an automobile the neck was the site most frequently injured; on a motorcycle the legs and head were usually involved; on a bicycle or walking the head and legs were most at risk. (4) Injuries to pedestrians often fell under the severer AIS-4 or higher codes and constituted 43% of total deaths. (5) Accidents with automobiles changing lanes tended to cause serious injuries and many deaths. Other characteristics of road traffic accidents in Japan are analyzed and discussed.