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71.
In Starinshak et al. (J Comput Phys 262(1):1–16, 2014), we proposed a new level-set model for representing multimaterial flows in multiple space dimensions. Rather than associating each level-set function with the boundary of a material, the new model associates each level-set function with a pair of materials and the interface that separates them. In this paper, we extend the model to represent geometries with non-smooth boundaries. The model uses multiple level-set functions to describe the shape boundary, typically with one level-set function per smooth boundary segment. Sign information is collected from all level-set functions and a voting algorithm is used to determine the interior/exterior of the geometric shape. The model is well suited for representing boundaries with singularities; it offers significant improvement over standard level-set approaches, both in shape preservation and area conservation; and it eliminates the need for costly redistancing of the level-set function. Numerical examples illustrate the superior performance of the proposed model. 相似文献
72.
An interval type-2 fuzzy weighted support vector machine (IT2FW-SVM) is proposed to address the problem of high energy consumption for biped walking robots. Different from the traditional machine learning method of ‘copy learning’, the proposed IT2FW-SVM obtains lower energy cost and larger zero moment point (ZMP) stability margin using a novel strategy of ‘selective learning’, which is similar to human selections based on experience. To handle the uncertainty of the experience, the learning weights in the IT2FW-SVM are deduced using an interval type-2 fuzzy logic system (IT2FLS), which is an extension of the previous weighted SVM. Simulation studies show that the existing biped walking which generates the original walking samples is improved remarkably in terms of both energy efficiency and biped dynamic balance using the proposed IT2FW-SVM. 相似文献
73.
The plasticizing effect of n-pentane on the rate of bulk free radical polymerization of styrene and molecular weight distribution development has been modeled on the basis of the free volume theory for both monofunctional and bifunctional initiation. A strong decrease in the reaction rate in the late stages of the polymerization, due to the displacement of the onset of the gel effect, has been observed for both types of initiation. This decrease in the polymerization rate limited the terminal conversion to values well below 100% for mono-functional initiation. However, in bifunctionally initiated polymerization, terminal conversions close to 100% were obtained in spite of the decrease in reaction rate. Contrary to what was expected, the molecular weight distribution obtained at terminal conversion was almost completely insensitive to these changes in polymerization rate. This phenomenon is explained in terms of limited transfer to monomer reactions when n-pentane is present in the system. In suspension polymerization, the limiting conversion and plasticizing effects of n-pentane in monofunctionally initiated systems, caused enhanced coalescence leading to suspension set-up. In bifunctionally initiated systems this enhanced coalescence was completely overcome by the short duration of the particle growth stage, owing to high polymerization rates, and stable suspensions were achieved. For these systems the particle size distributions obtained were similar to that of suspension polystyrene without n-pentane. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
74.
Philip E. Sonnet Edwin G. Piotrowski William B. Wise Thomas J. Micich 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1986,63(12):1579-1583
Oxyethylated amides that are good wetting agents have been prepared as mixtures by allowing amides to react with ethylene
oxide under base catalysis. Individual components of such mixtures can be synthesized by allowing 1-alkylaziridines to react
with p-toluenesulfonic acid in monomethylethers of di-, tri- and tetraethylene glycol used as solvents. The aminoethers are
then acylated, and the methylether group is removed with trimethylsilyliodide from the resulting amide ethers. The sequence
should allow the synthesis of specific wetting agents of quite varied structure (alkyl, aryl groups) with an option for isotopic
labeling for more detailed analysis of the wetting properties. 相似文献
75.
Philip L. Walker Shiro Matsumoto Tamotsu Hanzawa Takatoshi Muira Ismail M.K. Ismail 《Fuel》1983,62(2):140-149
Calcium is the most important in-situ catalyst for gasification of US coal chars in O2, CO2 and H2O. It is a poor catalyst for gasification of chars by H2. Potassium and sodium added to low-rank coals by ion exchange and high-rank coals by impregnation are excellent catalysts for char gasification in O2, CO2 and H2O. Carbon monoxide inhibits catalysis of the CH2O reaction by calcium, potassium and sodium; H2 inhibits catalysis by calcium. Thus injection of synthesis gas into the gasifier will inhibit the CH2O reaction. Iron is not an important catalyst for the gasification of chars in O2, CO2 and H2O, because it is invariably in the oxidized state. Carbon monoxide disproportionates to deposit carbon from a dry synthesis gas mixture (3 vol H2 + 1 vol CO) over potassium-, sodium- and iron-loaded lignite char and a raw bituminous coal char, high in pyrite, at 1123 K and 0.1 MPa pressure. The carbon is highly reactive, with the injection of 2.7 kPa H2O to the synthesis gas resulting in net carbon gasification. The effect of traces of sulphur in the gas stream on catalysis of gasification or carbon-forming reactions by calcium, potassium, or sodium is not well understood at present. Traces of sulphur do, however, inhibit catalysis by iron. 相似文献
76.
M. Hossein Nouri-Sorkhabi Lesley C. Wright David R. Sullivan Philip W. Kuchel 《Lipids》1996,31(7):765-770
31P Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of human erythrocyte lysates dissolved in sodium cholate were acquired. The narrow
resonances of phospholipids were mostly well resolved, allowing identification and accurate quantitative analysis of phospholipid
classes of the erythrocyte membranes. The ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamine components of the erythrocyte membranes were
identified, based on the removal of plasmalogens by acidolysis and of diacyl phospholipid species by degradation using phospholipase
A1. It was also shown that the introduction of double bonds on the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine shifted the31P NMR resonances to lower frequencies. Quantitative analyses of phospholipids from the spectra were based on their apparent
molar concentrations. The recoveries of phospholipids from erythrocytes were significantly higher than those using conventional
extraction procedures. 相似文献
77.
Philip V. Yaneff Karlis Adamsons Rose A. Ryntz Dottie Britz 《Journal of Coatings Technology》2002,74(933):135-141
Flexible automotive coatings are susceptible to scratch and mar damage, especially during finishing and assembly operations.
One-component (1K) flexible clearcoats exhibit very good scratch and mar resistance, but unfortunately suffer from poor durability
and environmental etch resistance. Two-component clearcoats offer improvements in both etch and durability, but at the expense
of scratch and mar. In this paper, the concept and properties of 1K flexibilized silane clearcoats for use on automotive plastics
will be introduced and their structure/property relationships examined as they apply to scratch and mar.
The role of coating crosslink density, toughness, glass transition temperature (Tg), and surface profile on the scratch damage of coated plastic substrates will be described. In addition, a new scratch methodology,
termed Scratcho, is utilized to determine relative scratch performance and is compared to conventional scratch resistance
testing. Results to date indicate that hardness, as affected by the glass transition temperature, and crosslink density, as
it contributes to higher essential work values, both affect resultant scratch propensity of the flexible coatings. The relative
ranking of different coating systems employing alternate crosslinkers (e.g., isocyanate and melamine) is also presented and
compared to the newly developed silane crosslinked coatings.
Presented at the 28th International Waterborne, High-Soids, and Powder Coatings Symposium, Feb. 21–23, 2001, in New Orleans.
LA.
377 Fairall St., Ajax, Ont., L1S 1R7, Canada.
401 Southfield Rd., P.O. Box 6231, Dearborn, MI 48121-6231. 相似文献
78.
Diets,population structure,and seasonal activity patterns of mudpuppies (Necturus maculosus) in an urban,Great Lakes coastal habitat 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alicia M. Beattie Matt R. Whiles Philip W. Willink 《Journal of Great Lakes research》2017,43(1):132-143
Freshwater species native to the Laurentian Great Lakes region face numerous environmental stressors, and the conservation status and ecological relationships of many remain poorly understood. One such species, the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus), is declining, but better information on their natural history and development of more effective population monitoring techniques is needed. We assessed seasonal variation in capture success, biases in capture techniques, and feeding ecology of mudpuppies in Wolf Lake, a highly perturbed and urban former estuarine wetland complex to Lake Michigan. Trapping periods of ≥ 3 consecutive nights occurred from January to May 2015, and October 2015 to March 2016. Overall trapping success differed among trapping periods (p = 0.01) and declined precipitously at water temperatures above 14.1 °C (p < 0.001). Mudpuppies in traps (mean 26.9 ± 0.5 cm) were larger than those caught with hand nets (mean 14.7 ± 0.8 cm, p < 0.0001), suggesting that multiple methods may be needed to accurately assess demographics. Stomach contents obtained through gastric lavage included mollusks, leeches, insects, isopods, amphipods, crayfish, fish, a frog, and a juvenile conspecific. Invasive species, including rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus), round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus), and zebra/quagga mussels (Dreissena spp.) were present in guts, suggesting mudpuppy foraging has changed along with aquatic communities in the region. Prey community analyses revealed differences in overall diet among size classes of mudpuppies (p = 0.001), but relatively weak similarity within size classes. Results suggest that mudpuppies in lake ecosystems occupy a broad niche that changes as they grow. 相似文献
79.
Philip K Gbor 《Chemical engineering science》2004,59(10):1979-1987
The shrinking core model (SCM) is widely used to model fluid-solid reactions such as the leaching of metals from minerals. In most cases, however, the particle size distribution (PSD) of the solid material was disregarded. In this paper the erroneous shift in the control regime when neglecting PSD was quantified and the dependence of the shift on the coefficients of variation (CV) and the type of PSD was analysed. By coupling the SCM with a Gamma PSD, it was found that neglecting the PSD would shift the control regime from chemical reaction to inert/ash layer diffusion, when the CV was between 0.7 and 1.2. For a system controlled by liquid film diffusion, neglect of the PSD, would shift the control regime to chemical reaction when CV is between 0.3 and 0.7 or to inert/ash layer diffusion when CV is greater (0.9-1.5). It was therefore postulated that some researchers had unknowingly made invalid conclusions about the control regime due to the neglect of PSD. However, an inert/ash layer diffusion-controlled process was insensitive to the neglect of PSD. When CV<0.3, neglect of the PSD would not cause any erroneous shifts, irrespective of the control regime. Experimental data confirmed the observation. For a given CV, the deviation in the fraction reacted from the mono-PSD increases with CV and decreases with time. The maximum deviation, which occurs at the beginning, is about 10% with a gamma PSD of CV=0.3. The percent deviation is dependent of the type of PSDs. Gamma PSD gives the lowest deviation while Gaudin-Schuhmann results in the largest deviation (maxi. ∼19%, with CV=0.3) in the first half of dissolution process. Log-normal distribution gives a larger deviation than gamma but quickly approaches the latter with time. The deviation for Rosin-Rammler is between log-normal and Gaudin-Schuhmann. For systems with CV less than 0.3, the SCM can be fairly used without considering PSD. When CV is greater than 0.3, particularly in the early stage of a dissolution process with a PSD other than gamma, PSD should be included to avoid substantial errors. 相似文献
80.
Philip Makedonski Jens Grabowski Florian Philipp 《International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer (STTT)》2014,16(3):227-246
Ten years of maintenance, nine published revisions of the standards for the Testing and Test Control Notation version 3 (TTCN-3), more than 500 change requests since 2006, and 10 years of activity on the official TTCN-3 mailing list add up to a rich history, not unlike that of many successful Open Source Software (OSS) projects. In this article, we contemplate TTCN-3 in the context of software evolution and examine its history quantitatively. We mined the changes in the textual content of the standards, the data in change requests from the past 5 years, and the mailing list archives from the past 10 years. In addition, to characterize the use of the TTCN-3 we investigated the meta-data of the contributions at the TTCN-3 User Conference, and the use of language constructs in a large-scale TTCN-3 test suite. Based on these data sets, we first analyze the amount, density, and location of changes within the different parts of the standard. Then, we analyze the activity and focus of the user community and the maintenance team in both the change request management system and the official TTCN-3 mailing list. Finally, we analyze the distribution of contributions at the TTCN-3 User Conference across different topics over the past 8 years and construct use anomalies during the development of a large-scale test suite. Our findings indicate that the TTCN-3 is becoming increasingly stable as the overall change density and intensity, as well as the number of change requests are decreasing, despite the monotonous increase in the size of the standards. 相似文献