Keynote address: PDA/FDA joint conference

The crude methanol extract of the Kenyan shrub Leucas volkensii Gürke (Labiatae) displayed in a radiorespirometric bioassay antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract led to the identification of (E)-phytol as the principal active component with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 micrograms/ml, a value also observed for (3R,S,7R,11R)-phytanol, (Z)-phytol, and a commercially available 2:1 mixture of (E)- and (Z)-phytol. The derivatives (E)-phytol acetate, a mixture of the (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-isomers of (E)-phytol epoxide and (3R,S,7R,11R)-phytanic acid displayed lower activities with MICs of 8, 16, and > 128 micrograms/ml, respectively. Geraniol and farnesol, displayed MICs of 64 and 8 micrograms/ml, respectively. The activities of (E)-phytol, (Z)-phytol and (3R,S,7R,11R)-phytanol were found to be in the same range as ethambutol, a clinically useful drug with an MIC in the range 0.95-3.8 micrograms/ml.     

Expression of interleukin-6 in polymorphic reticulosis--immunohistochemical study of 5 cases

Peripheral T cell lymphoma encompasses lymphomas with a variety of histologic appearances and clinical patterns. Recently, it has been suggested that almost all of the histologic features described under the name of polymorphic reticulosis(PR), lethal midline granuloma, and midline malignant reticulosis can be included in those generally described for malignant lymphomas of peripheral T cell origin(PTCL). There have been few studies of pathogenesis or tissue damage mechanism in PR patients. The need for a precise mechanism for tissue damage has important therapeutic implications. Using immunohistochemical methods with polyclonal anti IL-6 antibody, the authors describe 5 cases of PR with clinically and pathologically typical PR demonstrating a high expression of IL-6. According to classification, 2 cases of grade 1 PR showed the highest expressions, and 2 cases of grade 2 PR with atypical lymphoid cells showed moderate activity, but one case progressed into frank lymphoma(grade 3) and lost IL-6 expression. This strongly implies that some cases of PR have a different mechanism of tissue damage from frank PTCL, despite the one disease spectrum. Further studies on more cases may help clarify the pathogenesis.     

Stochastic response surface methods (SRSMs) for uncertainty propagation: application to environmental and biological systems

Indicators of self-efficacy and motivation to change (stage of change) with regard to drinking and to drinking and driving were examined in a sample of Driving Under the Influence (DUI) offenders in a court-mandated intervention program. Self-administered questionnaires that contained pertinent measures were completed by 210 consenting offenders (34 of whom were female) during the intervention program. A factor analysis of efficacy and stages of change items showed distinct factors for the respective constructs; however, drinking and drinking-and-driving items of the same type (e.g., efficacy or stages of change) tended to codefine common factors, and the factor pattern suggested that motivations and efficacy for changing drinking behavior are critical for avoiding the drinking-and-driving sequence. Most participants were classified into the action stage in both drinking and drinking-and-driving domains. In regression analysis, contemplation of action and self-efficacy measures pertaining to drinking and driving predicted prior crashes and arrests; however, after accounting for recent alcohol problems, action items pertaining to drinking and driving were the best predictors of recent drinking-and-driving incidents.     

Interference of S-alkyl derivatives of glutathione with brain ionotropic glutamate receptors

The effects of glutathione, glutathione sulfonate and S-alkyl derivatives of glutathione on the binding of glutamate and selective ligands of ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors were studied with mouse synaptic membranes. The effects of glutathione and its analogues on 45Ca2+ influx were also estimated in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells. Reduced and oxidized glutathione, glutathione sulfonate, S-methyl-, -ethyl-, -propyl-, -butyl- and -pentylglutathione inhibited the Na+-independent binding of L-[3H]glutamate. They strongly inhibited also the binding of (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-[3H]methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate [3H]AMPA (IC50 values: 0.8-15.9 microM). S-Alkylation of glutathione rendered the derivatives unable to inhibit [3H]kainate binding. The NMDA-sensitive binding of L-[3H]glutamate and the binding of 3-[(R)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl][1,2-(3)H]propyl-1-phosphonate ([3H]CPP, a competitive antagonist at NMDA sites) were inhibited by the peptides at micromolar concentrations. The strychnine-insensitive binding of the NMDA coagonist [3H]glycine was attenuated only by oxidized glutathione and glutathione sulfonate. All peptides slightly enhanced the use-dependent binding of [3H]dizocilpine (MK-801) to the NMDA-gated ionophores. This effect was additive with the effect of glycine but not with that of saturating concentrations of glutamate or glutamate plus glycine. The glutamate- and NMDA-evoked influx of 45Ca2+ into cerebellar granule cells was inhibited by the S-alkyl derivatives of glutathione. We conclude that besides glutathione the endogenous S-methylglutathione and glutathione sulfonate and the synthetic S-alkyl derivatives of glutathione act as ligands of the AMPA and NMDA receptors. In the NMDA receptor-ionophore these glutathione analogues bind preferably to the glutamate recognition site via their gamma-glutamyl moieties.     

Thrombus generation after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into atherosclerotic arteries

Thrombosis represents a major issue during arterial local delivery. We evaluated the occurrence of thrombosis after adenovirus (Ad)-mediated gene transfer into normal and atherosclerotic arteries. A replication-deficient Ad vector expressing the beta-galactosidase reporter gene (Ad.RSV betagal; 4 x 10(9) PFU) was injected into normal and atherosclerotic arteries (n = 11 in both groups). The contralateral artery received either an Ad vector carrying no transgene (Ad.MLPnull) (n = 7 in both groups, 4 x 10(9) PFU) or vehicle buffer (n = 4 in normal group, n = 8 in atherosclerotic group). Animals were sacrificed 3 days following gene transfer for thrombus detection and assessment of beta-galactosidase activity. Thrombus was absent in normal arteries and in atherosclerotic arteries injected with vehicle buffer only. In contrast, nonocclusive thrombus was present in atherosclerotic arteries injected with either Ad.RSV betagal (5 of 11) or Ad.MLPnull (3 of 7). Beta-galactosidase activity was predominantly found in the endothelial layer of the transfected arteries. Gene transfer and expression occurred despite the presence of the thrombus (4 of 5), and its efficiency did not significantly differ regardless of the thrombus. We conclude that thrombus frequently occurred in atherosclerotic arteries after Ad-mediated gene transfer. Further studies are warranted to identify the mechanisms of thrombus generation after Ad-mediated gene transfer into atherosclerotic arteries.