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71.
Natural graphite particles with high crystallinity sieved to obtain a particle size range of under 63 μm were ground with a ball mill, under various well-controlled grinding atmospheres such as N2, O2, He, H2, and vacuum. The ratio, Xdif50/Xst50, i.e. between the 50 wt.% Stokes diameter and the 50 wt.% laser diffraction diameter, of the ground particles, was used as an index of the flakiness of the particles. The specific resistance of films composed of the ground graphite particles was systematically measured. The rate of reduction in the size of the particles by grinding was slow under an O2-rich atmosphere such as 100% O2 and dry air. On the other hand, it was relatively fast in vacuum, or under an N2 or He atmosphere, and a gas mixture of 99% N2 and 1% O2. The rate of size reduction by grinding under a H2 atmosphere was intermediate. In our experimental conditions, the flakiness of the ground particles increased with the decrease in the particles’ sizes. The electrical conductivity of the ground particles, however, tended to decrease with the decrease in their sizes. Under the condition that the Stokes diameter of the ground particles remains constant, the electrical conductivity of films made from the ground particles increases with the increase in the flakiness of the particles. It was finally determined from our systematic grinding experiments that small flaky particles, which had a size, Xst of ∼1 μm, with a high electrical conductivity can be produced by grinding in a gas mixture of 99% N2 and 1% O2. In this case, the flaky shape of the ground particles was visually confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. 相似文献
72.
Crack-Healing Behavior of Si3 N4 /SiC Ceramics under Cyclic Stress and Resultant Fatigue Strength at the Healing Temperature 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kotoji Ando Koji Takahashi Shin Nakayama Shinji Saito 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2002,85(9):2268-2272
Si3 N4 /SiC composite ceramics were sintered and subjected to three-point bending. A semi-elliptical surface crack of 100 μm surface length was made on each specimen. The crack-healing behavior under cyclic stress of 5 Hz, and resultant cyclic fatigue strengths at healing temperatures of 1100° and 1200°C, were systematically investigated. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Si3 N4 /SiC composite ceramics have an excellent ability to heal a crack at 1100° and 1200°C. (2) This sample could heal a crack even under cyclic stress at a frequency of 5 Hz. (3) The crack-healed sample exhibited quite high cyclic fatigue strength at each crack-healing temperature, 1100° and 1200°C. 相似文献
73.
A new emulsion-type paint was prepared by utilizing a nano-composite emulsion (NCE), which contained nano-size particles (ca. 60 nm in diameter) consisting of silica (inorganic core, ca. 30 nm in diameter) and polyacrylate (organic shell), and evaluated as wall paint. By applying NCE for the wall paint, about 35 wt.% of the organic content in the paint could be reduced in comparison with the commodity emulsion-type paint, which is highly effective to save the petroleum resources. The basic properties of the white NCE paint film on gloss, surface hardness, adhesion, and solvent resistance were evaluated and compared with those of acrylic emulsion-type paints as well as those of silica-containing paints which were prepared simply by blending the acrylic emulsion with silica sol. The NCE paint was especially excellent in solvent resistance. Then the practical tests were performed to evaluate its appropriateness as wall paint, which clarified the excellent antipollution property and the high flame resistance of the NCE paint. 相似文献
74.
Koji Makino 《Electrochimica acta》2005,51(5):961-965
The electrodes prepared by a sputtering method were evaluated as the cathodes for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Pt loading below 0.25 mg cm−2 achieved higher mass activities than that of 0.5 mg cm−2 prepared by the paste method, which was general conventional method. However, an increase in Pt loading reduced the catalyst activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This result may suggest an increase in only electrochemically inactive Pt. Pt utilization efficiency can be found about ten times higher at Pt loading of 0.04 mg cm−2. Moreover, addition of Nafion to sputter-deposited Pt cathodes is found possible to improve the catalyst activity for the ORR, but the excess Nafion over the optimum condition reduces the active sites. 相似文献
75.
Koji Matsui Kenji Tanaka Takanori Yamakawa Masato Uehara Naoya Enomoto Junichi Hojo 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2007,90(2):443-447
The shrinkage behavior of fine zirconia powders containing 2.9 and 7.8 mol% Y2 O3 was investigated to clarify the effect of Y2 O3 concentration on the initial sintering stage. The shrinkage of powder compact was measured under both conditions of constant rates of heating (CRH) and constant temperatures. CRH measurements revealed that when the Y2 O3 concentration of fine zirconia powder increased, the starting temperature of shrinkage shifted to a high temperature. Isothermal shrinkage measurements revealed that the increase in Y2 O3 concentration causes the shrinkage rate to decrease. The values of activation energy ( Q ) and frequency-factor term (β0 ) of diffusion at initial sintering were estimated by applying the sintering-rate equation to the isothermal shrinkage data. When the Y2 O3 concentration increases, both Q and β0 of diffusion increase. It is, therefore, concluded that the increase in Y2 O3 concentration of fine zirconia powder decreases the shrinkage rate because of increasing Q of diffusion at the initial stage of sintering. 相似文献
76.
Masahiko Shimada Ken'ichi Matsushita Shusei Kuratani Taira Okamoto Mjtsue Koizumi Koji Tsukuma Takaaki Tsukidate 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1984,67(2):23-C-
The temperature dependence of Young's modulus and internal friction (Q−1 )in alumina, silicon nitride, and partially stabilized zirconia (Y-PSZ) ceramics was studied. Little change in Q−1 was found for alumina, whereas Q−1 for silicon nitride ceramics increased above 700°C. The Q−1 of Y-PSZ increased markedly with increasing temperature up to a peak at ∼200°C. 相似文献
77.
α-Tocopherol was reacted with methyl linoleateperoxyl radicals at 37°C. The peroxyl radicals were generated by the reaction
of methyl linoleate with a free radical initiator, 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile). The primary products of α-tocopherol with methyl linoleate-peroxyl radicals were isolated by
reversephase and normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their structures were characterized by ultraviolet
(UV), infrared (IR),1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). There were four stereoisomers of methyl 13-(8a-peroxy-α-tocopherone)-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoate and four stereoisomers of methyl9-(8a-peroxy-α-tocopherone)-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoate. 相似文献
78.
Masami Fujiwara Takamitsu Tamura Yasuhiro Akabane 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1995,72(1):97-103
The reaction of N-chloro-4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP-Cl) with sodium perborate (PB) was investigated with
special reference to the generation of singlet oxygen and the possible application to a new oxidative bleaching process. Generation
of the singlet oxygen (1O2), the hydroxyl radical (HO·) and superoxide anion radical (O2·−) in the PB/TMP-Cl mixed solution was confirmed by the trapping reagent method. From the results of another experiment, in
which the bleaching abilities of each active oxygen species were confirmed, the main active oxygen species contributing to
the bleaching of purpurogallin, the skeleton of black tea pigment, in the PB/TMP-Cl system was concluded to be1O2. 相似文献
79.
Poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLLA: Mw = 19.4 × 104)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG: Mw = 400) blend films were formed by use of a solvent‐cast technique. The properties and structures of these blend films were investigated. The Young's modulus of the PLLA decreased from 1220 to 417 MPa with the addition of PEG 5 wt %, but the elongation at break increased from 19 to 126%. The melting point of PLLA linearly decreased with increases in the PEG content (i.e., pure PLLA: 172.5°C, PLLA/PEG = 60/40 wt %: 159.6°C). The PEG 20 wt % blend film had a porous structure. The pore diameter was 3–5 μm. The alkali hydrolysis rate of this blend film was accelerated due to its porous structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 965–970, 2004 相似文献
80.
Sterols,methylsterols, and triterpene alcohols in threeTheaceae and some other vegetable oils 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The unsaponifiables from threeTheaceae (Camellia japonica L.,Camellia Sasanqua Thunb., andThea sinensis L.) oils and alfalfa, garden balsam, and spinach seed oils and shea fat were separated into four fractions: sterols, 4-methylsterols,
triterpene alcohols, and less polar compounds by thin layer chromatography. While the sterol fraction was the major one for
the unsaponifiables from alfalfa and spinach seed oils, the triterpene alcohol fraction was predominant for the unsaponifiables
from all other oils. The sterol, 4-methylsterol, and triterpene alcohol fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography. All
the sterol fractions were alike in their compositions, consisting exclusively of Δ7-sterols, such as α-spinasterol and Δ7-stigmastenol as predominant components together with Δ7-avenasterol and 24-methylcholest-7-enol. Obtusifoliol, gramisterol (occasionally accompanied with cycloeucalenol), and citrostadienol,
together with several other unidentified components, were found in the 4-methylsterol fractions from all of the oils except
shea fat. The 4-methylsterol fraction from shea fat showed a characteristic composition containing a large proportion of unidentified
components which had relative retention time greater than that of citrostadienol, while no citrostadienol was detected. β-Amyrin,
lupeol, and butyospermol were major components of the triterpene alcohol fractions from most of the oils, but the fraction
from spinach seed oil contained cycloartenol and 24-methylene-cycloartanol as predominant components. There is a close similarity
in the compositions of unsaponifiables (sterols, 4-methylsterols, and triterpene alcohols) of the threeTheaceae oils. Two sterols, α-spinasterol and Δ7-stigmastenol, and five triterpene alcohols were isolated from tea seed oil. Moreover, five unidentified components beside
parkeol, butyrospermol, α-amyrin, and lupeol were isolated from the triterpene alcohol fraction of shea fat. 相似文献