Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity.

Our purpose in this article was to determine the degree of consistency between different informants' reports of the behavioral/emotional problems of subjects aged from 1? to 19 years. We found 269 samples in 119 studies for meta-analyses of Pearson rs between ratings by parents, teachers, mental health workers, observers, peers, and the subjects themselves. The mean rs between all types of informants were statistically significant. The mean rs were .60 between similar informants (e.g., pairs of parents), .28 between different types of informants (e.g., parent/teacher), and .22 between subjects and other informants. Correlations were significantly higher for 6- to 11-year-olds than for adolescents, and for undercontrolled versus overcontrolled problems, although these differences were not large. The modest correlations between informants indicate that child and adolescent problems are not effectively captured by present-versus-absent judgments of problems. Instead, the variations between reports by different informants argue for assessment in terms of multiple axes designed to reflect the perceived variations in child and adolescent functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Resistance curves for crack growth under plane-stress conditions in an elastic perfectly-plastic material

A recently developed solution for the plastic strain, ε^P_y(x, t), on the crack line is used in conjunction with a critical strain criterion to construct curves for k_R(a) versus a, where a is the increase in crack length. Resistance curves have been computed for various values of the critical plastic strain. They show a monotonic increase of K_R(a) with increase in crack length, to a constant steady-state value.     

A dense electron target for the study of electron-ion collisions

A new high current (0.5 A), high density (0.3 $\text{A}\text{cm}{}^2$) electron gun has been designed for crossed beams electron-ion-experiments to yield high signal to background counting rates in the energy range 10–1000 eV. Comprehensive computer runs were performed to assure a uniform electrostatic potential in spite of the high electronic space charge. Trapped ions can be used to compensate this space charge, because their contribution to the counting rate is well discriminated below the threshold of the process to be studied. The overlap integral is determined by sweeping the whole electron gun perpendicular to both beams across the ion beam, which is possible, because the interaction region potential extends in perpendicular direction of both beams and sweeping therefore does not affect ion beam transmission. The accuracy and the reproducibility of cross section measurements with this new gun is demonstrated by a comparison with data from Harrison's group, exhibiting “perfect” agreement.     

The propagation of stress discontinuities according to the coupled equations of thermoelasticity

Summary The method of the characteristics is used to study the influence of thermomechanical coupling on the magnitudes of discontinuities at the wavefronts of dilatational waves. A set of unified equations is employed, which is applicable to plane, cylindrical and spherical waves. The thermal conductivity is taken as a function of the space coordinate. For cylindrical and spherical symmetry the discontinuity at the wavefront of a diverging wave is subjected to both material damping and decay due to geometry. The sharp wavefront is attenuated over a very short distance. For converging waves the material damping is counteracted by an increase in magnitude due to geometry. It is shown that material damping is predominant, except at extremely small distances from the center which fall outside the realm of continuum theory.

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Zusammenfassung Die Charakteristikenmethode wird benützt, um den Einfluß der thermomechanischen Kopplung auf die Größe der Unstetigkeiten an den Fronten von Dilatationswellen zu studieren. Ein System vereinheitlichter Gleichungen, das auf ebene, zylindrische und sphärische Wellen anwendbar ist, wird aufgestellt. Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit wird als Funktion des Ortes angenommen. Bei Zylinder- und Kugelsymmetrie ist die Unstetigkeit der Front einer divergierenden Welle sowohl der Materialdämpfung als auch einer geometrisch bedingten Abnahme unterworfen. Die steile Wellenfront wird entlang eines sehr kurzen Weges abgemindert. Bei konvergenten Wellen wirkt die geometrisch bedingte Amplitudenvergrößerung der Materialdämpfung entgegen. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Materialdämpfung überwiegt; ausgenommen sind extrem kleine Gebiete um das Wellenzentrum, die außerhalb des Geltungsbereiches der Kontinuumstheorie liegen.

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The work presented in this paper was supported by the Advanced Research Project Agency of the Department of Defense through the Northwestern University Materials Research Center.     

Effects of IQ and mental age on hypothesis behavior in normal and retarded children.

156 mental-age-matched normal and retarded Ss at mental-age (MA) levels of 5.5, 7.5, and 9.5 yrs received blank-trial discrimination problems designed to expose hypothesis behavior. There was evidence that Ss at all MA levels used hypotheses. Use of feedback indicating that a response was wrong increased significantly with MA, while use of feedback indicating that a response was right increased significantly with IQ. On simple problems involving 2 stimulus dimensions, retarded and normal groups used about equal numbers of hypotheses, but on 4-dimensional problems the retarded used fewer hypotheses than normals. It is suggested that this IQ Level * Problem Complexity interaction may explain contradictions among previous findings regarding IQ effects on learning. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile: I. Boys aged 6–11.

Reports the development and standardization of the teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile for boys aged 6–11 yrs. The teacher profile is scored from the Teacher's Report Form (TRF). Factor analysis of TRFs completed on 450 clinically referred boys yielded 8 behavior problem syndromes: anxious, social withdrawal, unpopular, self-destructive, obsessive-compulsive, inattentive, nervous-overactive, and aggressive. Norms were constructed from a sample of 300 randomly selected nonreferred boys. Compared to normal Ss, disturbed Ss scored significantly higher on all behavior problem scales and significantly lower on teacher-reported school performance and adaptive functioning. One-week test–retest reliability averaged .89 for the behavior problem scales, whereas 2- and 4-mo stability averaged .77 and .64, respectively. Computer- and hand-scored versions of the new teacher profile are described. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of sinusoidal crack-face perturbations on scattering of elastic waves

The scattering of a plane longitudinal wave from a two-dimensional crack, with a sinusoidal surface perturbation whose amplitude and wavelength are much smaller than the length of the crack, is investigated. The amplitude of the cylindrical body waves in the far field are calculated from a Kirchhoff approximation that utilizes the solution to the reflection from the sinusoidal surface profile of a semiinfinite solid. The results are compared to those for a flat crack, and conditions for significant differences of the amplitude as a function of the angle of observation are discussed. Characteristic changes in the scattered field produced by profiles with different amplitudes and periods are explained.     

Deep sub micron high aspect ratio polymer structures produced by hard X-ray lithography

Microfabrication using X-ray lithography is a well established process in many laboratories worldwide. Radiation spectra, mask technology and process conditions are optimized for patterning resist thicknesses of several hundred micrometers with lateral dimensions of a few microns. This article provides first results as to how far these technologies can be extended to form structures with sub-micrometer lateral dimensions in resist layers of a few micrometers thickness. Available equipment and processes of the 2.5 GeV electron storage ring ANKA and the process technology of the Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik (IMT) in Karlsruhe, Germany, have been applied. An X-ray mask with a 2.7 m Ti-membrane and 20 m thick Au-absorbers is used to expose 1.6 m PMMA resist on silicon wafers. As the smallest features on the mask are 2 m, a double exposure with an intermediate deliberate relative movement between mask and resist generated sub-micron resist test structures. Smallest feature sizes are between 300 and 400 nm. They are not yet limited by diffraction, but by different process conditions that lead to adhesion loss, resist cracking and surface rounding. It has been shown that an intermediate layer of 1.2 m thick polyimide between resist and substrate significantly enhances adhesion and reduces resist cracking. Reducing the beam power impinging onto the sample from typically 21 to 0.4 W leads to a 50% reduction of the surface rounding at the top of the microstructures. To demonstrate the capability to pattern thicker resist layers, first samples with an increased resist thickness of 4.1 m and an aspect ratio of up to 8 were processed. Finally, a metal mesh with 2 m thick Au-absorbers and 900 nm hexagonal holes was applied to pattern showpieces of sub micron features using a reduced electron energy of 1.3 GeV.The high resolution metal mesh was provided by R. Fettig of IMT.     

Fabrication and preliminary testing of X-ray lenses in thick SU-8 resist layers

Deep X-ray lithography processing of SU-8 negative resist layers with thicknesses of up to 1 mm and physical-chemical properties of SU-8 polymer structures were investigated to find the optimum conditions for the fabrication of X-ray refractive lenses. The exposure was carried out at the ANKA storage ring in Karlsuhe, Germany. Experimental tests of the lenses were performed at the ESRF in Grenoble, France. First lenses showed a gain in the range of 20, a full width at half maximum of the focal spot intensity of approximately 2 m to 3 m and unique radiation stability of the optical characteristics.     

Electrochemical stimulation of microbial perchlorate reduction

As part of our studies into the diversity of dissimilatory perchlorate reducing bacteria (DPRB) we investigated the reduction of perchlorate in the cathodic chamber of a bioelectrical reactor (BER). Our results demonstrated that washed cells of Dechloromonas and Azospira species readily reduced 90 mg L(-1) perchlorate in the BER with 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate (AQDS) as a mediator. No perchlorate was reduced in the absence of cells or AQDS, or in an open-circuit control. Similar results were observed when a natural microbial community was inoculated into a fed-batch BER. After 70 days of operation, a novel DPRB, strain VDY, was isolated which readily reduced perchlorate in a mediatorless BER. Continuous up-flow BERs (UFBERs) were seeded with active cultures of strain VDY, and perchlorate at a volumetric loading of 60 mg L(-1) day(-1) was successfully removed. Gas phase analysis indicated that low levels of H2 produced at the cathode surface through electrolysis may mediate this metabolism. The results of these studies demonstrate that biological perchlorate remediation can be facilitated through the use of a cathode as the primary electron donor, and that continuous treatment in such a system approaches current industry standards. This has important implications for the continuous treatment of this critical contaminant in industrial waste streams and drinking water.