Comparative efficacy of pomegranate juice, pomegranate rind powder extract and BHT as antioxidants in cooked chicken patties

A study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of pomegranate juice (PJ), rind powder extract (RP) and butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) in cooked chicken patties during refrigerated storage. Freshly minced chicken meats were assigned to one of the following four treatments: control (meat treated with no antioxidants); 10 mg equivalent PJ phenolics per 100 g meat; 10 mg equivalent RP phenolics per 100 g meat; 10 mg BHT per 100 g meat. The patties formed from the minced meats were grilled for 20 min and stored under aerobically at 4 °C for 15 days. Total phenolic content (as tannic acid equivalent) significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 152 in control to 195 and 224 μg/g in PJ and RP patties. Addition of PJ or RP did not affect any of the sensory attributes. The TBARS values were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 1.272 in control patties to 0.896, 0.763 and 0.203 mg malonaldehyde per kg samples in BHT, PJ and RP patties, respectively. The RP treatment substantially inhibited (P < 0.01) lipid oxidation in cooked chicken patties to a much greater extent than BHT treatment. The PJ or RP at a level of 10 mg equivalent phenolics/100 g meat would be sufficient to protect chicken patties against oxidative rancidity for periods longer than the most commonly used synthetic antioxidant like BHT.     

Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Plasma Sprayed Flyash-Al2O3 and Flyash-SiC Coatings on the Al6061 Aluminum Alloy

Silicon - In the present work, flyash-Al2O3 and flyash-SiC composite feedstock powders were plasma coated with equal weight ratios on the surface of Al6061 alloy substrate. NiCr material was used...     

Malicious node prevention and mitigation in MANETs using a hybrid security model

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) has got tremendous success and attention due to its self-maintenance and self-configuration properties or behavior. Based on wired and wireless networks, the network topology of MANETs changes rapidly by means of routing attacks. Hence, providing security to this infrastructure-less network is a major issue. The routing protocols for ad-hoc networks cope well with the dynamically changing topology but are not designed to accommodate defense against malicious attacker. Malicious nodes have opportunities to modify or discard routing information or advertise fake routes to attract user data to go through themselves. In this article, we discuss a hybrid technique using anonymity, one-way trapdoor protocol, hash functions, and elliptic curve cryptographic to mitigate attacks in the MANET. The simulation is carried on NS-2 and the simulation results are dissected on different system execution measurements, for example, packet send and received, packet dropped, average network throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio.     

Improvement of shelf-life of buffalo meat using lactic acid, clove oil and vitamin C during retail display

Buffalo meat steaks dipped in either (1) distilled water (control), (2) lactic acid (LA), (3) LA + clove oil (clove), or (4) LA + clove + vitamin C (Vit C) were displayed at 4 ± 1 °C, illuminated by a standard fluorescent lamp. The pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), instrumental colour (CIE L^∗, a^∗, b^∗), aerobic plate counts (APC), psychrotrophic counts (PPC), coliform counts and sensory colour and odour were determined up to 12th day of display at 3 days interval. Results showed that, all the treatments have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the TBARS values compared to control. Among treatments, use of LA + clove has exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lowest TBARS values throughout display period than others. Buffalo meat steaks treated with either LA + clove or LA + clove + Vit C had significantly (P < 0.05) lower APC, PPC and coliform counts than control or LA treated samples. LA + clove + Vit C treated samples maintained significantly (P < 0.05) higher a^∗ and b^∗ values during display as well as improvement in sensory colour and odour than others. Treatment with either LA + clove or LA + clove + Vit C extended the display life of buffalo meat steaks at 4 ± 1 °C. There appears to be a significant advantage to using LA + clove or LA + clove + Vit C over LA alone.     

Hierarchical fault modeling for linear analog circuits

This paper presents a hierarchical fault modeling approach for catastrophic as well as out-of-specification parametric faults in analog circuits. These include both, ac and dc faults in passive as well as active components. The fault models are based on functional error characterization. Case studies based on CMOS and nMOS operational amplifiers are discussed, and a full listing of derived behavioral fault models is presented. These fault models are then mapped to the faulty behavior at the macro-circuit level. Application of these fault models in an efficient fault simulator for analog circuits is also described.     

Hypoxia Modulates Cellular Endocytic Pathways and Organelles with Enhanced Cell Migration and 3D Cell Invasion**

Hypoxia, a decrease in cellular or tissue level oxygen content, is characteristic of most tumors and has been shown to drive cancer progression by altering multiple subcellular processes. We hypothesized that the cancer cells in a hypoxic environment might have slower proliferation rates and increased invasion and migration rates with altered endocytosis compared to the cancer cells in the periphery of the tumor mass that experience normoxic conditions. We induced cellular hypoxia by exposing cells to cobalt chloride, a chemical hypoxic mimicking agent. This study measured the effect of hypoxia on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Uptake of fluorescently labeled transferrin, galectin3, and dextran that undergo endocytosis through major endocytic pathways (Clathrin-mediated pathway (CME), Clathrin-independent pathway (CIE), Fluid phase endocytosis (FPE)) were analyzed during hypoxia. Also, the organelle changes associated with hypoxia were studied with organelle trackers. We found that the proliferation rate decreased, and the migration and invasion rate increased in cancer cells in hypoxic conditions compared to normoxic cancer cells. A short hypoxic exposure increased galectin3 uptake in hypoxic cancer cells, but a prolonged hypoxic exposure decreased clathrin-independent endocytic uptake of galectin 3. Subcellular organelles, such as mitochondria, increased to withstand the hypoxic stress, while other organelles, such as Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), were significantly decreased. These data suggest that hypoxia modulates cellular endocytic pathways with reduced proliferation and enhanced cell migration and invasion.