Primary calibration of ultrasonic hydrophone using optical interferometry

A primary calibration method for ultrasonic hydrophones which uses a Michelson interferometer to determine the particle displacement in an ultrasonic field is discussed. The acoustic pressure is derived from this measurement and used to determine the free-field sensitivity of a hydrophone in the frequency range 0.5-15 MHz. The random uncertainty of the method is typically 1%, whereas the systematic uncertainty varies from 2.3 to 6.6% over the frequency range. To obtain this accuracy, the performance of the system has been carefully examined and appropriate correction factors derived. The greatest difficulty in the method lies in determining the frequency response of the optical detection system, and two different approaches have been used to measure this response. Several acoustical effects have also been studied and the calibration procedure modified to take account of them. The calibration results are in agreement with those of other methods and with the theoretically predicted frequency response of a hydrophone. The method has been used to determine the temporal stability of a hydrophone over a period of two years.     

基于GPRS的中央空调远程监控系统设计

远程监控系统对于中央空调系统的节能、集中管理、维修以及远程诊断有重要的意义。设计了一种基于中国移动GPRS的通信架构,实现中央空调制造商从中国大陆任意通过中国电信接入因特网的PC上监控位于中国大陆的中国移动GSM覆盖网络下的任意中央空调机组。与其他中央空调监控系统相比,具有应用范围广、成本低、数据实时性好的特点。     

Effects of early-postmortem glycolytic rate on beef tenderness

Electrical stimulation (ES) was applied at 500 V to one side from each of 60 beef carcasses at 30 to 40 min postmortem. Wide ranges of early-postmortem glycolytic and cooling rates were produced in the musculature by use of three different forms of ES (in addition to non-ES treatment of the contralateral sides) and application of chilling routines of four different degrees of severity. Panel and Warner-Bratzler shear evaluations of loin steaks from all 120 sides showed that tenderness was highest when glycolysis had proceeded at an intermediate rate (corresponding to the attainment of a 3-h pH of about 6·1) and was appreciably lower on both sides of this mid-value. The toughening effect of rapid glycolysis (relative to that of a moderately increased glycolytic rate) persisted through 14 days of aging at 2°C.

These observations appear to be incompatible with the view that lysosomal enzymes contribute significantly to ES-induced tenderization. They also indicate that the effect of ES on tenderness is highly dependent on the subsequent cooling rate, very slow chilling sometimes accelerating the already high rate of pH fall to such an extent that the tissue is significantly toughened. Finally, they suggest that the goal of maximizing the early-postmortem rate of pH decline in bovine muscle is misguided and, if attained, will cause sub-optimal tenderness.     

纳米碳颗粒/氮化碳复合材料的制备及光催化性能

通过一步热聚合法制备纳米碳颗粒/氮化碳复合材料,利用XRD、FTIR、TEM、DRS、PL等手段对纳米碳颗粒/氮化碳进行了系统表征,并考察其光催化降解罗丹明B的光催化性能。结果表明,纳米碳颗粒的负载可以显著改善复合材料的可见光吸收能力及光生电子/空穴的分离效率,当加入纳米碳颗粒的质量为10 mg时,所得到的纳米碳颗粒/氮化碳2在20 min内对罗丹明B的降解率可以达到96.5%,明显优于纯氮化碳材料。此外,纳米碳颗粒/氮化碳复合材料还表现出良好的稳定性。     

低压光伏集群无功运行模式优化

配电网中存在大量低压接入的分布式小容量光伏电源,其规模庞大且实时通信条件有限,在线调节的经济性和可操作性没有保障,因此难以有效利用这些无功资源进行配电网辅助调节.在此背景下,为发挥低压光伏无功调节潜力,提出一种按集群进行模式预设、在线自律运行的低压光伏参与中压电网无功运行模式优化策略.首先,以配变台区为无功集群单元进行平台化管理,以补偿馈线无功需求为目标进行日前无功匹配优化;其次,设计5种集群无功运行模式,构建日前预测运行场景并依据场景特征建立综合考虑馈线无功平衡度最优和集群间无功流动最小为目标的集群无功运行模式及参数优化模型,运用改进粒子群算法进行优化求解,使集群在各时段的运行模式组合方案能够最佳匹配馈线的无功需求并抑制无功不合理流动.最后,算例验证了该方法的有效性.     

建筑门窗五金绿色电镀锌-铁合金工艺

以Q235钢为基体,依次进行电镀Zn-Fe合金、无铬蓝白钝化和封闭.研究了钝化工艺参数和封闭剂对样品耐蚀性的影响,得到较佳的钝化工艺条件为:Na2MoO4·2H2O 45 g/L,丙二酸10 g/L,NiSO4·6H2O 1.2 g/L,植酸10 mL/L,氧化剂1.8 g/L,十二烷基苯磺酸钠2 g/L,pH 1.5,温度15°C,时间10 s.在较优条件下所得钝化膜呈均匀光亮的蓝白色,耐蚀性良好.采用36 g/L苯并三氮唑封闭后,耐蚀性进一步提高.     

多子微电网型交直流混合配电系统灵活功率控制与电压抑制策略

为了解决多子微电网型交直流混合配电系统功率分配以及交流子微电网母线电压偏差大的问题,提出一种灵活功率控制与电压抑制策略.首先分别推导了单个交流子微电网频率、直流子微电网电压与公共直流母线电压的关系,然后分析多个交直流子微电网之间的频率与电压关系,并利用此关系对交直流子微电网中储能单元的下垂控制进行改进,实现整个系统的功率互助及分配.另外,对双向AC/DC变换器电流内环控制进行改进,利用扩张状态观测器对扰动电流进行跟踪,并将跟踪得到的扰动电流引入双向AC/DC变换器电流内环中进行补偿消除,以抑制交流子微电网的电压波动.最后,在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台中建立多子微电网型交直流混合配电系统模型,仿真结果表明所提控制方法可以实现交直流混合配电系统中子微电网间的功率互助,较好地维持交流子微电网母线电压和频率、直流子微电网电压与公共直流母线电压的稳定.