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261.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data are often analysed using nonlinear mixed-effect models, and model evaluation should be an important part of the analysis. Recently, normalised prediction distribution errors (npde) have been proposed as a model evaluation tool. In this paper, we describe an add-on package for the open source statistical package R, designed to compute npde. npde take into account the full predictive distribution of each individual observation and handle multiple observations within subjects. Under the null hypothesis that the model under scrutiny describes the validation dataset, npde should follow the standard normal distribution. Simulations need to be performed before hand, using for example the software used for model estimation. We illustrate the use of the package with two simulated datasets, one under the true model and one with different parameter values, to show how npde can be used to evaluate models. Model estimation and data simulation were performed using NONMEM version 5.1. 相似文献
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Fabrice Lacroux Emmanuelle Conil Albert Cortel Carrasco Azeddine Gati Man-Fai Wong Joe Wiart 《电信纪事》2008,63(1-2):55-64
In this paper, a numerical dosimetry study for a typical base-station antenna used in third generation system is presented. This study is based on the limits defined by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. The primary goal is to analyze the relationship between the antenna input powers required to reach the specific absorption rate (SAR) limit and those ones which are required to reach the power density limit. The secondary goal is to underline the key points which impact the local SAR in the case of such a directive antenna. Moreover, for these studies, two numerical approaches are used: the first one is only based on the finite difference time domain method and, in the second one, this algorithm is coupled with a method of moments simulator via a Huygens box. Investigations are made to ensure that a more suitable numerical approach is used. 相似文献
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Yasuhiro Aruga David W. Saxey Emmanuelle A. Marquis Hisao Shishido Yuya Sumino Alfred Cerezo George D.W. Smith 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2009,40(12):2888-2900
In this study, the ultrafine structures in Cu-P and Cu-Ni-P alloys have been characterized using a three-dimensional atom
probe (3DAP) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the stress relaxation behavior of these alloys has been explored.
The results show that low-temperature annealing greatly improved the stress relaxation performance, especially in the Cu-Ni-P
alloys. The presence of Ni-P clusters in the Cu-Ni-P alloys has been revealed. The overall improvement in properties has been
analyzed in terms of variations in the dislocation density and solute atom cluster density within these materials. It is shown
that clusters with small average spacing give rise to significant improvements in the stress relaxation performance, without
requiring significant change in the dislocation density. 相似文献
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Laetitia Michodjehoun-Mestres Jean-Marc Souquet Hélène Fulcrand Emmanuelle Meudec Max Reynes Jean-Marc Brillouet 《Food chemistry》2009
Tannins were extracted by acetone/water 60:40 from skin and flesh of four cashew apple genotypes from Brazil and Bénin (West Africa), and separated from monomeric phenols. Tannins were submitted to acid-catalysed degradation in the presence of phloroglucinol and the products were analysed by HPLC–DAD/ESI–MS. Both skin and flesh tannins contained high percentages of (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin-O-gallate, followed by minor quantities of (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate; 100% of the compounds were the 2,3-cis configuration. Skin tannins were half as galloylated (∼20%) than flesh tannins (∼40%). Their weight-average molecular weight (Mw) was high. 相似文献
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Tristan Pichonat Christophe Lethien Nicolas Tiercelin Sylvie Godey Emmanuelle Pichonat Pascal Roussel Marie Colmont Paul Alain Rolland 《Materials Chemistry and Physics》2010
First step in the way to the fabrication of an all-solid microbattery for autonomous wireless sensor node, amorphous thin solid films of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) were prepared by radio-frequency sputtering of a mixture target of P2O5/Li2O in ambient nitrogen atmosphere. The morphology, composition, and ionic conductivity were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and A.C. impedance spectroscopy. With a thickness of 1.4 μm, the obtained LiPON amorphous layer provided an ionic conductivity close to 6 × 10−7 S cm−1 at room temperature. MicroRaman UV spectroscopy study was successfully carried out for the first time on LiPON thin films to complete the characterization and bring further information on LiPON structure. 相似文献