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21.
Prakash Kotecha Urmila Diwekar Heriberto Cabezas 《Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy》2013,15(1):21-33
The importance and complexity of sustainability have been well recognized and a formal study of sustainability based on system theory approaches is imperative as many of the relationships between various components of the ecosystem could be nonlinear, intertwined and non-intuitive. A mathematical model capable of yielding qualitative inferences can serve as an important tool for policy makers as it can be simulated under various important scenarios and also help in evaluating different strategies and technologies. In this article, we consider a simplified ecological food web which comprises a macro-economic system, an industrial production sector, an energy generation sector, and elements of a human society along with a rudimentary legal system. The energy sector is designed to supply energy to the other components of the ecosystem either by using a finite, non-renewable energy source or by a combination of non-renewable source and biomass. Many of the components of the ecosystem depend directly or indirectly on the biomass used for energy production. Subsequently, this model is used to study the impact of using biomass for the production of energy on the sustainability of other components of ecosystem. We have also simulated the model under two commonly foreseen scenarios of population explosion and consumption increase to understand the effect of using biomass for the production of energy on the sustainability of the various components of the system. 相似文献
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Porous silicon (PSi) is a nanostructured material possessing a huge surface area per unit volume. In consequence, the adsorption and diffusion of oxygen in PSi are particularly important phenomena and frequently cause significant changes in its properties. In this paper, we study the thermal oxidation of p +-type free-standing PSi fabricated by anodic electrochemical etching. These free-standing samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, thermogravimetry, atomic force microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The results show a structural phase transition from crystalline silicon to a combination of cristobalite and quartz, passing through amorphous silicon and amorphous silicon-oxide structures, when the thermal oxidation temperature increases from 400 to 900 °C. Moreover, we observe some evidence of a sinterization at 400 °C and an optimal oxygen-absorption temperature about 700 °C. Finally, the UV/Visible spectrophotometry reveals a red and a blue shift of the optical transmittance spectra for samples with oxidation temperatures lower and higher than 700 °C, respectively. 相似文献
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Copper phosphide (Cu3P) was produced as thick films over copper foils. The synthesis was performed by solid-state reaction at low temperature (400 °C). Similar attempts were carried out for other transition metals of the first series without success. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation mechanism of the Cu3P thick films. First, phosphorus diffuses into the copper foil followed by the subsequent formation of the binary compound. During this process, the Cu3P particles seem to dig the copper foil, producing holes, where the Cu3P crystallites nucleate and growth. Then, the thick films are formed by the conjugation of several agglomerates and their morphology is not homogeneous. Oxidation of Cu3P occurs to a small extend on the top surface of the films. The electrochemical behaviour of the thick film was compared with a standard Cu3P composite electrode, in which the active material is mixed with carbon and a binder. Although the two different electrodes presented some differences in their electrochemical behaviour, both electrodes showed promising qualities to be used as anode materials in lithium ion batteries or hybrid devices. 相似文献
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Heriberto Franco Juanita Freer Jaime Rodríguez Jaime Baeza Juan Pedro Elissetche Rgis Mendona 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2006,81(2):196-200
Drimys winteri, a native hardwood from Chile, presents some interesting characteristics that make it suitable for the pulp and paper industry. In this work, the potential of D winteri for the conventional kraft and biokraft pulp production was evaluated. For biokraft pulping, wood chips were biotreated with the white‐rot fungus Ganoderma australe. During the biotreatment, a selective pattern of biodelignification was observed and the wood chips biotreated for 15, 30 and 45 days were submitted to kraft cooking. At low cooking severity (H‐factor below 1500 h?1, 15% active alkali and 25% sulfidity), all biopulps presented lower kappa numbers than control pulps and approximately the same screened pulp yield. Biopulps were easily refined in a PFI mill, requiring less PFI revolutions to achieve the same fibrillation degree. The strength properties of the biopulps were similar to those of the control pulps. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Heriberto Rodríguez‐Tobías Graciela Morales Oliverio Rodríguez‐Fernández Pablo Acuña 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2013,127(6):4708-4718
A series of poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene)/ZnO nanocomposites with different ZnO nanoparticles content were synthesized by a mass‐suspension polymerization process. Nanocomposites obtained through this technique presented high impact resistance despite the presence of agglomerates for high ZnO nanoparticles content so that, these samples were subjected to twin‐screw extrusion. The extrusion led to a dramatic morphological change and increased in impact resistance, higher than 100% in most of the cases. On the other hand, the higher the ZnO content, the higher the UV blocking (>95% for 1 and 3% of ZnO) for both materials, before and after extrusion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013 相似文献
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C. Ruvalcaba‐Cornejo Rosendo Lozada‐Morales Maria E. Zayas Jesús Ma. Rincón Heriberto Marquez Aned de L. Flores 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2013,96(10):3084-3088
In this work, the role of europium doping of glasses formulated in the ternary system ZnO–CdO–TeO2 is described. The Eu‐doped oxide glasses were prepared by the conventional melt‐quenching method and by using three different compositions. Structural studies reveal that there exists a good affinity between Cd and some rare earth (RE) ions to form the crystalline phase. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) diagrams display that the structure of these glasses is amorphous and with the increase in CdO content and the compatibility of Eu3+, there is a tendency to form nanocrystals of CdTe2O5. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation of their microstructure confirms the presence of phase separation. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of these glasses showed small exothermic peaks noted around 450°C for the V2 glass and 480°C for V1 and V3 glasses, which could be attributed to the formation of these crystals. The infrared spectra showed a main absorption band around 800–600 cm?1 corresponding to the Te–O stretching mode in TeO4 and TeO3 groups. By optical absorption (OA), the band gap (Eg) for each glass was determined; these values were 3.27, 3.14, and 3.3 eV for the V1–V3 glasses, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of Eu3+ was detected in the 370–470 nm short‐range wavelengths. The photoluminescence (PL) experiments of the glasses showed light emission due to the following transitions: 5D0 → 7F1, 5D0 → 7F2, 5D0 → 7F3, and 5D0 → 7F4. 相似文献
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Psychologists are faced with the challenge of how to apply the growing knowledge about suicide in their clinical practice. A practical and easy-to-use model for integrating this knowledge is proposed, one which psychologists can use to guide their suicide risk assessments and clinical decision making. This model is based on known risk factors for suicide that are categorized as historical, personal, psychosocial–environmental, and clinical and are dichotomized into acute and chronic states. The model includes protective factors that are categorized as temporary and permanent. An example of how to use this model in clinical practice is provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献