REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND THE EVALUATION OF COLOR-DIFFERENCE METRICS

Regression analysis and the use of correlation coefficients have proven to be useful tools in the analysis of experimental data. But unless the proper precautions are taken, erroneous conclusions can easily be reached by their use. Several data patterns are provided to demonstrate this. Examples yielding unrepresentatively high, as well as low, correlations are discussed.     

Energy of Grain Boundaries in Halite

Relative grain boundary energy measurements were made by the tracrystal method for [100] tilt boundaries in NaCl. The dependence of boundary energy on grain misorientation was similar to that in metals; however, the presence of significant torque term effects, i.e. dependence of the boundary energy on boundary orientation, is indicated. A method of measuring the relative magnitudes of the torque terms by applying a driving force to boundaries in bi-crystals is described.     

The Emissivity of Transparent Materials

The emission of thermal radiation by transparent materials is reviewed from first principles and is compared with the more familiar emission of radiation by opaque surfaces. The comparison leads to an expression for volume emissive power, which is an important concept for discussions of radiative effects in glass. The present treatment differs from that of McMahon in that it takes account of the diffuse character of radiation. As a result, it also constitutes a simple proof of the often overlooked fact that the radiant flux within a transparent radiator exceeds that emitted into air by a factor approximately equal to the square of the refractive index. Using these concepts, the spectral emissivities of isothermal transparent sheets are expressed in terms of their thickness and the optical properties of their materials. The results are illustrated by a discussion of the total hemispherical emissivities of sheets of window glass at various temperatures. The commonly accepted value of about 0.91 is the same for all glasses having a refractive index of 1.5. However, it applies only for sheets above a certain minimum thickness. For window glass this ranges from 3/16 in. at 200°C. to as much as 8 in. at 1000°C. At 1000°C. a sheet 3/16 in. thick has an emissivity of only 0.59. The application of results to calculations of the radiative cooling of transparent sheets is briefly indicated.     

SMALL GROUP ECOLOGY.

THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS IN SMALL GROUPS BEGAN IN 1950 USING POST HOC ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTED FOR OTHER PURPOSES. ONLY RECENTLY HAVE INVESTIGATORS BEGUN TO DESIGN EXPERIMENTS WITH GROUP ECOLOGY AS THE MAJOR INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. RESULTS HAVE SHOWN THAT SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT IS A FUNCTION OF GROUP TASK, THE DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP OF INDIVIDUALS, PERSONALITIES OF THE INDIVIDUALS, AND THE AMOUNT AND KIND OF AVAILABLE SPACE. THE RESULTING ARRANGEMENT IN TURN AFFECTS COMMUNICATION, FRIENDSHIP, AND STATUS DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS. KNOWLEDGE OF SMALL GROUP ECOLOGY CAN HELP IN DEVELOPING A THEORY OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS THAT INCLUDES THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH INTERACTION TAKES PLACE AS WELL AS PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGNING FUNCTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS. (40 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PSYCHOLOGY: A PRESCRIPTIVE SCIENCE.

PSYCHOLOGY LACKS THE PARADIGM OF A UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED CONTENTUAL MODEL WHICH GUIDES PRACTITIONERS OF THE MORE MATURE SCIENCES. IT IS PREPARADIGMATIC AS SHOWN BY LACK OF AGREEMENT OVER FUNDAMENTALS AND PRONOUNCED NATIONAL DIFFERENCES. HISTORICAL CONTINUITY AND CONTEMPORARY DIRECTIVE FUNCTIONS CHARACTERIZE PRESCRIPTIONS, WHICH SERVE TO CARRY OUT SOME OF THE FUNCTIONS OF A PARADIGM. DOMINANCE AND COUNTERDOMINANCE (NOMOTHETICISM VS. IDIOGRAPHICISM), IMPLICITNESS (MONISM AND QUANTITATIVENESS), AND NATIONAL DIFFERENCES (METHODOLOGICAL AND CONTENTUAL OBJECTIVITY IN THE FORM OF OPERATIONALISM IN THE UNITED STATES AND METHODOLOGICAL AND CONTENTUAL SUBJECTIVITY, ESPECIALLY AS EXPRESSED IN PHENOMENALISM IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE) ARE ILLUSTRATIVE OF HOW THESE PRESCRIPTIONS ARE UTILIZED CONCEPTUALLY. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE LAW OF EFFECT AND THE ORIGIN OF THE CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED EYELID RESPONSE.

COMPARED THE TRIAL OF 1ST OCCURRENCE OF AN EYELID RESPONSE WITH CR CHARACTERISTICS BY CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED SS TO THE TRIAL OF 1ST OCCURRENCE AT THE SPONTANEOUS RATE BY SS RECEIVING UNPAIRED CSS AND UCSS. RESPONSES WERE PRODUCED SIGNIFICANTLY EARLIER THAN UNPAIRED PRESENTATIONS. WITHIN-S COMPARISONS WITH PREDICTED TRIAL OF 1ST OCCURRENCE BASED ON SPONTANEOUS RATE PRIOR TO INITIATION OF CONDITIONING GAVE EQUIVOCAL RESULTS. A SIMPLE LAW OF EFFECT INTERPRETATION OF THE INITIATION OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, WHICH REQUIRES THAT THE CR 1ST OCCUR SPONTANEOUSLY IN ORDER TO BE REINFORCED BY THE INSTRUMENTAL EFFECT OF THE CR ON THE UCS BEFORE ACQUISITION CAN BEGIN, WAS NOT SUPPORTED. (FRENCH ABSTRACT) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A Review of Radiant Heat Transfer in Glass

This review is aimed at a nonmathematical elucidation of the physical phenomena underlying radiant heat transfer in glass. In transparent materials, unlike the more familiar opaque materials, the emission and absorption of radiation are bulk, rather than surface, phenomena. Interaction of the simultaneous emission and absorption of radiation throughout the volume leads to a dependence of the emissivity of transparent bodies on their thickness. The interaction also leads to a mechanism of radiative heat transfer in the interior of transparent materials entailing not the familiar radiation through them but internal radiant exchanges between nearby layers. The analogy of this mechanism with thermal conduction has led to the definition of an equivalent 'radiative conductivity." The origin and limitations of this concept are briefly discussed, together with conditions at the boundaries of transparent bodies and applications to unsteady-state processes.     

STIMULUS DETERMINANTS OF THE PRACTICE DECREMENT OF THE MULLER-LYER ILLUSION.

5 EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MULLER-LYER FIGURE ON THE PRACTICE DECREMENT OF THE ILLUSION. THE DECREMENT IN THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ILLUSION AFTER 100 TRIALS WAS FOUND TO BE INVERSELY RELATED TO THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE OBLIQUE LINES AND THE PROMINENCE OF THE HORIZONTAL LINE RELATIVE TO THAT OF THE OBLIQUES, BUT UNRELATED TO THE LENGTH OF THE OBLIQUE LINES. THE PRACTICE DECREMENT WAS ATTRIBUTED TO AN INCREASE IN ATTENTION TO THE HORIZONAL LINE OF THE FIGURE. THE LAST 2 EXPERIMENTS PROVIDE EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF THIS INTERPRETATION. THE RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF GIBSON'S THEORY OF PERCEPTUAL LEARNING. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (35 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)