Removal of fatty soil from glass by surfactants and surfactant-builder compositions

Previous papers have reported radiotagged fatty soil removal from glass either by solvents or by aqueous solutions of sodium tripolyphosphate and other builders. This paper provies soil-removal data for aqueous systems of both pure and built surfactant compositions of the nonionic and alkylbenzene sulfonate types. In general, nonionics are the most effective detergents for the system fatty soil/glass; the 10-mole ethylene oxide adduct products show peak soil-removal. Nonionic surfactants appear most effective for soil removal when used in baths closely approaching their cloud-points. Though modification of hydrophobe by EO addition can affect cloud point, peak soil-removal effectiveness seems to be controlled by hydrophobe selection. Highest soil removal for the alkylbenzene series occurred with the longer alkyl chain (pentadecyl). Admixture of surfactant and sodium tripolyphosphate provided synergistic compositions with certain 10-EO surfactants. Building of anionics markedly improved soil removal over the pure material but seldom exceeded the removal by STP alone. Presented at 34th fall meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, New York, October 17–19, 1960.     

A Sequential Design Approach for Switching ℌ∞ LPV Control

This paper proposes a sequential design scheme for switching ℌ_∞ LPV (Linear Parameter-Varying) control, aiming to reduce the computational complexity of the associated optimization problem. Different from the traditional approach that simultaneously designs switching LPV controllers and solves a high-dimensional optimization problem, the proposed sequential design approach renders a bundle of low-dimensional optimization problems to be solved iteratively. Individual ℌ_∞ LPV controller for each subregion is synthesized by independent PLMIs (Parametric Linear Matrix Inequalities) to guarantee ℌ_∞ performance, and controller variables are interpolated on the overlapped subregions such that the ℌ_∞ performance is also guaranteed on the overlapped subregion. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method to reduce the computational load in each design iteration and improved ℌ_∞ performance over the conventional simultaneous design method with well-tuned interpolation coefficient.

     

Antioxidant Activity of Osage Orange Extract in Soybean Oil and Fish Oil during Storage

The food industry is seeking natural antioxidants for edible oils that have comparable activity to synthetic counterparts. In this study, Osage orange extract (OOE) rich in osajin (42.9%) and pomiferin (30.0%) was obtained after hexane extraction of the fruit, and its antioxidant activity was examined in stripped soybean oil (SBO) and fish oil (FO), in which antioxidants and polar compounds were removed. The antioxidant activity of OOE was compared with commercial natural antioxidants (i.e., rosemary extract and mixed tocopherols) and a synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), during storage at 25 and 40 °C. The 0.1% OOE had stronger antioxidant activity than 0.1% rosemary extract and 0.1% mixed tocopherols in both oils at 25 and 40 °C. Its activity was similar to 0.02% BHT in SBO and was similar or slightly stronger than 0.02% BHT in FO. When OOE was studied at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%, there was a weak dose–response in SBO but a stronger dose–response in FO. Headspace volatile analysis using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) combined with GC–MS indicated that 0.1% OOE was very effective in preventing the formation of volatile oxidation products in both oils. Although it should be further tested for safety before the actual use, this study shows that OOE can be developed as an antioxidant for edible oils.     

Evaluation of the coupled multielectrode array sensor as a real-time corrosion monitor

Coupled multielectrode array sensors made of carbon steel and stainless steels were evaluated and compared with electrochemical noise (EN) sensors. Good correlations between sensor signals and solution corrosivity were observed for all multielectrode array sensors. Some correlation between the average pit index and solution corrosivity was observed for the carbon steel EN sensors, but not for the stainless steel EN sensors. The time-average noise resistances from the stainless steel EN sensors correlate well with solution corrosivity. There were, however, large random fluctuations and drifting for all EN signals, which make the EN sensors unreliable as real-time monitors.     

Subroutine based detection of APT malware

Statistical detection of mass malware has been shown to be highly successful. However, this type of malware is less interesting to cyber security officers of larger organizations, who are more concerned with detecting malware indicative of a targeted attack. Here we investigate the potential of statistically based approaches to detect such malware using a malware family associated with a large number of targeted network intrusions. Our approach is complementary to the bulk of statistical based malware classifiers, which are typically based on measures of overall similarity between executable files. One problem with this approach is that a malicious executable that shares some, but limited, functionality with known malware is likely to be misclassified as benign. Here a new approach to malware classification is introduced that classifies programs based on their similarity with known malware subroutines. It is illustrated that malware and benign programs can share a substantial amount of code, implying that classification should be based on malicious subroutines that occur infrequently, or not at all in benign programs. Various approaches to accomplishing this task are investigated, and a particularly simple approach appears the most effective. This approach simply computes the fraction of subroutines of a program that are similar to malware subroutines whose likes have not been found in a larger benign set. If this fraction exceeds around 1.5 %, the corresponding program can be classified as malicious at a 1 in 1000 false alarm rate. It is further shown that combining a local and overall similarity based approach can lead to considerably better prediction due to the relatively low correlation of their predictions.     

A logarithmic complexity divide-and-conquer algorithm for multi-flexible-body dynamics including large deformations

A new algorithm is presented for the modeling and simulation of multi-flexible-body systems. This algorithm is built upon a divide-and-conquer-based multibody dynamics framework, and it is capable of handling arbitrary large rotations and deformations in articulated flexible bodies. As such, this work extends the current capabilities of the flexible divide-and-conquer algorithm (Mukherjee and Anderson in Comput. Nonlinear Dyn. 2(1):10–21, 2007), which is limited to the use of assumed modes in a floating frame of reference configuration. The present algorithm utilizes the existing finite element modeling techniques to construct the equations of motion at the element level, as well as at the body level. It is demonstrated that these equations can be assembled and solved using a divide-and-conquer type methodology. In this respect, the new algorithm is applied using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) (Shabana, 1996). The ANCF is selected because of its straightforward implementation and effectiveness in modeling large deformations. It is demonstrated that the present algorithm provides an efficient and robust method for modeling multi-flexible-body systems that employ highly deformable bodies. The new algorithm is tested using three example systems employing deformable bodies in two and three spatial dimensions. The current examples are limited to the ANCF line or cable elements, but the approach may be extended to higher order elements. In its basic form, the divide-and-conquer algorithm is time and processor optimal, yielding logarithmic complexity O(log(N _b )) when implemented using O(N _b ) processors, where N _b is the number of bodies in the system.     

E-ARK: Harmony of Social/Cultural Records Across Europe

E-ARK (European Archiving of Records and Knowledge Preservation) is currently introducing standardization, new tools, and infrastructure into pan-European digital archival systems. The results of this pilot project can be applied to higher education where research data centers are required to preserve data for re-use in accordance with new open policies.

We elucidate how the E-ARK best practice survey has informed the development of new information packages for ingest, preservation, and re-use, and show how these can be applied to the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences with practical exemplars such as census data.     

Archival Appraisal and the Digital Record: Applying Past Tradition for Future Practice

The digital revolution has changed the daily work of archivists. As a result, archivists have refined their analog practices and initiated new ones to accommodate the unique information creation and access needs of users. While limitless storage and technological obsolescence may be surmountable challenges, appraisal continues to be a necessary component of this preservation enterprise. Macro-appraisal—a top-down functional assessment of an organization’s high-level decision making that defines the enduring value of specific bodies of documentary evidence of these creative or administrative processes—is used to facilitate the management of diverse bodies of born-digital records in archives and special collections.     

Safe Autonomous Agent Formation Operations Via Obstacle Collision Avoidance

In this paper, we consider the problem of flocking and shape‐orientation control of multi‐agent systems with inter‐agent and obstacle collision avoidance. We first consider the problem of forcing a set of autonomous agents to form a desired formation shape and orientation while avoiding inter‐agent collision and collision with convex obstacles, and following a trajectory known to only one of the agents, namely the leader of the formation. Then we build upon the solution given to this problem and solve the problem of guaranteeing obstacle collision avoidance by changing the size and the orientation of the formation. Changing the size and the orientation of the formation is helpful when the agents want to go through a narrow passage while the existing size or orientation of the formation does not allow this. We also propose collision avoidance algorithms that temporarily change the shape of the formation to avoid collision with stationary or moving nonconvex obstacles. Simulation results are presented to show the performance of the proposed control laws.     

An extended divide-and-conquer algorithm for a generalized class of multibody constraints

An extension to the divide-and-conquer algorithm (DCA) is presented in this paper to model constrained multibody systems. The constraints of interest are those applied to the system due to the inverse dynamics or control laws rather than the kinematically closed loops which have been studied in the literature. These imposed constraints are often expressed in terms of the generalized coordinates and speeds. A set of unknown generalized constraint forces must be considered in the equations of motion to enforce these algebraic constraints. In this paper dynamics of this class of multibody constrained systems is formulated using a Generalized-DCA. In this scheme, introducing dynamically equivalent forcing systems, each generalized constraint force is replaced by its dynamically equivalent spatial constraint force applied from the appropriate parent body to the associated child body at the connecting joint without violating the dynamics of the original system. The handle equations of motion are then formulated considering these dynamically equivalent spatial constraint forces. These equations in the GDCA scheme are used in the assembly and disassembly processes to solve for the states of the system, as well as the generalized constraint forces and/or Lagrange multipliers.