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11.
Hans Berns Sergej Nikolaijevitsch Bugajchuk Vladimir Andrejevitsch Duz Rüdiger Ehrhardt Valentin Gennadijevitsch Gavriljuk Yuri Nikolaljevitsch Petrov Igor Arkabijevitsch Yakubzov 《国际钢铁研究》1994,65(10):444-450
Hardness measurements, dilatometry, internal friction measurements, Mössbauer spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy are utilized in order to study the effect of tempering on the microstructure of a stainless martensitic steel containing 15% Cr, 1% Mo and 0.6% N. A similar carbon steel containing 15% Cr, 1% Mo and 0.6% C is used for comparison. Tempering of alloy Fe-15Cr-1Mo-0.6N in the low temperature range of 353-473 K leads to formation of hexagonal ?-nitride (Fe,Cr)2N, which is followed by precipitation of the orthorombic ?-nitride (Fe,Cr)2N at temperatures of 573-773 K. The hexagonal nitride Cr2N is precipitated at 923 K and preferably formed at grain boundaries. The alloy Fe-15Cr-1Mo-0.6C shows the expected tempering behaviour. ?-carbide (Fe,Cr)2C and cementite (Fe,Cr)3C are precipitated during low temperature ageing, followed by the formation of Cr7C3 carbides after the temperature has risen to 873 K. With a similar interstitial content the amount of retained austenite in the nitrogen martensite is nearly twice as high as in the carbon one. Furthermore, the thermal stability of the retained austenite of the nitrogen alloy is substantially higher than that of the carbon steel. 相似文献
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Sergej Hermann R. Clayton Shallcross Klaus Meerholz 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2014,26(34):6019-6024
15.
B.Eng. Julian Imp Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sergej Rempel M.Sc. Michael Mikoschek 《Beton- und Stahlbetonbau》2023,118(10):735-743
Calcium sulfate based top layers in timber-concrete composite ceillings For ecological reasons, the timber-concrete composite construction method with notched connection was optimized by replacing the conventional reinforced concrete with a top layer based on calcium sulfate and reinforcement made of basalt fibers. In this paper, the basic properties of calcium sulfate as a binder are first explained, followed by experimental component tests investigating the load-bearing behavior by means of shear and bending tests, drawing a comparison with conventional reinforced concrete top layers. As a result, comparable load-bearing capacities and stiffness were achieved compared to steel-reinforced concrete top layers. Long-term bending tests over a period of about two years showed approximately equal deflections. Finally, special features of the practical construction application are pointed out. 相似文献
16.
Rebecca Kose Nejc Novak Sergej Grednev Zoran Ren Matej Vesenjak Anne Jung 《Advanced Engineering Materials》2024,26(4):2300914
For today's requirements, the material itself is often not sufficient anymore. This leads to structural cellular materials and metamaterials, which allow for more degrees of freedom by a strong structure–property relationship. Auxetic structures investigated in this contribution belong to metamaterials. Auxetic metamaterials show huge advantages in their properties, e.g., an enhanced specific energy absorption capacity (SEAC) as well as a negative Poisson's ratio, combined with a very high stiffness-to-weight ratio. Experimental probing of these structures is very challenging, hence, up to now, auxetic materials have only been investigated in uniaxial, bending, or shear loading. But for an industrial application, the knowledge of the multiaxial yield behavior is inevitable. For the first time, the present study deals with the numerical probing of the yield surface for a chiral auxetic structure applying multiaxial loading. The changes in Poisson's ratio, SEAC, and the resulting nonconvex yield surface are studied numerically. It shows that the highest specific energy absorption capacities are reached under compression load cases while higher stiffnesses and yield stresses are achieved under tensile loading. There is a strong structure–property relationship and load case dependency for Poisson's ratio as well as for the SEAC. 相似文献
17.
Maximilian Krause Jos A. Mrquez Sergej Levcenco Thomas Unold Olivier Donzel-Gargand Marika Edoff Daniel Abou-Ras 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2022,30(1):109-115
It is attractive to alloy Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar-cell absorbers with Ag (ACIGSe), since they lead to similar device performances as the Ag-free absorber layers, while they can be synthesized at much lower deposition temperatures. However, a KF post-deposition treatment (PDT) of the ACIGSe absorber surface is necessary to achieve higher open-circuit voltages (Voc). The present work provides microscopic insights to the effects of this KF PDT, employing correlative scanning-electron microscope techniques on identical positions of cross-sectional specimens of the cell stacks. We found that the increase in Voc after the KF PDT can be explained by the removal of Cu-poor, Ag-poor, and Ga-rich regions near the ACIGSe/CdS interface. The KF PDT leads, when optimally doped, to a very thin K-Ag-Cu-Ga-In-Se layer between ACIGSe and CdS. If the KF dose is too large, we find that Cu-poor and K-rich regions form near the ACIGSe/CdS interface with enhanced nonradiative recombination which explains a decrease in the Voc. This effect occurs in addition to the presence of a (K,Ag,Cu)InSe2 intermediate layer, that might be responsible for limiting the short-current density of the solar cells due to a current blocking behavior. 相似文献
18.
The productivity of filtration systems for dewatering of finely dispersed suspensions can be increased by pulsating overpressure. For suspensions of marine organic‐mineral sediments, press filtration processes were investigated under static and pulsating overpressure. The influence of the static pressure component, the pressure amplitude characteristic, the pressure vibration frequency, and the filtration time on the volume of filtrate were determined. Based on Darcy's law, a model of the filtration process under static overpressure was developed. For pulsating overpressure, the mathematical theory of experiment planning and the statistical data analysis method were used. 相似文献
19.
Veronika Solteszova Åsmund Birkeland Sergej Stoppel Ivan Viola Stefan Bruckner 《Computer Graphics Forum》2017,36(1):249-262
Real‐time volume data acquisition poses substantial challenges for the traditional visualization pipeline where data enhancement is typically seen as a pre‐processing step. In the case of 4D ultrasound data, for instance, costly processing operations to reduce noise and to remove artefacts need to be executed for every frame. To enable the use of high‐quality filtering operations in such scenarios, we propose an output‐sensitive approach to the visualization of streaming volume data. Our method evaluates the potential contribution of all voxels to the final image, allowing us to skip expensive processing operations that have little or no effect on the visualization. As filtering operations modify the data values which may affect the visibility, our main contribution is a fast scheme to predict their maximum effect on the final image. Our approach prioritizes filtering of voxels with high contribution to the final visualization based on a maximal permissible error per pixel. With zero permissible error, the optimized filtering will yield a result that is identical to filtering of the entire volume. We provide a thorough technical evaluation of the approach and demonstrate it on several typical scenarios that require on‐the‐fly processing. 相似文献
20.
Hybrid sorrel is a perennial crop whose benefits include good wintering, early ripening, and relatively high biomass and energy yields. The average yields are usually in the range from 4 to 10 t ha−1 dry matter (DM) per year. Based on a long-term study, a significant fertilization effect on hybrid sorrel yield was found. The crop establishment in spring is preceded by plowing in autumn. Hybrid sorrel can be harvested in the year following the establishment. As a perennial crop, hybrid sorrel provides ecosystem services to a greater extent than first-generation annual crops. They are, for example, habitat functioning, air regulation, biodiversity conservation, anti-erosion effect, and groundwater protection. After cultivation, it can leave up to 60 t ha−1 of slightly mineralizable organic matter in the soil. Hybrid sorrel's drawbacks include low resistance against weeds and sensitivity to drought damage. According to the available data, this hybrid sorrel is one of the most promising energy crops in the temperate zone. It is suitable for both combustion and biogas production. In biogas production, sorrel produces a total methane yield of about 2500 to 3500 mN3 ha−1, and as a biofuel for combustion it shows a relatively high DM calorific value, of about 18 MJ kg−1. Alongside its use for energy and fodder purposes, it can be cultivated to produce medicines and unique building materials. It can also be used for the phytoremediation of contaminated soils. © 2020 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd 相似文献