Precision forming machine with rolling plate cross wedge rolling

Roller cross wedge rolling (CWR) machines have high rigidity, but sector dies are difficult to process. Plate CWR machines have low rigidity and need large floor space, but plate dies are easy to process. Neither roller CWR machine nor plate CWR machine can produce larger workpieces. Based on the above conclusions, this paper presents the mechanical principle of the precision forming machine with rolling plate CWR. Then, its design principle and machine construction are presented. There are a top press roller above the upper sliding plate and a bottom press roller under the lower sliding plate. The press rollers make rolling contact with the sliding plates. The plate dies are mounted on the upper and lower sliding plates, respectively. Furthermore, the axes of both press rollers and centerline of workpiece always keep in the identical vertical plane during forming process. These make the machine retain advantages of high rigidity for roller CWR machine and simpleness of manufacturing dies for plate CWR machine, and abandon defects of poor rigidity for plate CWR machine and difficulty of manufacturing dies for roller CWR machine. Moreover, the machine can produce larger workpieces.     

Effects of irrigation efficiency on chemical transport processes

Irrigation practices greatly affect sustainable agriculture development. In this study, we investigated the effects of irrigation efficiency on water flow and chemical transport in soils, which had significant impact on the environment. Field dye staining experiments were conducted at different soils with various irrigation amount. Image analysis was conducted to study the heterogeneous flow patterns and their relationships with the irrigation efficiency. Irrigation efficiency and its environmental effects were evaluated using various indictors, including application efficiency, deep percolation ratio, storage efficiency, and uniformity. Under the same irrigation condition, soil chemical distributions were more heterogeneous than soil water distributions. The distributions were mainly affected by soil texture, initial soil water content, and irrigation amount. Storage efficiency, irrigation uniformity, and deep percolation ratio increased with irrigation amount. Since the chemical distribution uniformity was lower than the water uniformity, the amount of chemical leaching increased sharply with decrease of irrigation uniformity, which resulted in high environmental risks of groundwater pollution.     

Earth pressure balance control for EPB shield

This paper mainly deals with the critical technology of earth pressure balance (EPB) control in shield tunneling. On the assumption that the conditioned soil in the working chamber of the shield is plasticized, a theoretical principle for EPB control is proposed. Dynamic equilibrium of intake volume and discharge volume generated by thrust and discharge is modeled theoretically to simulate the earth pressure variation during excavating. The thrust system and the screw conveyor system for earth pressure cont...     

Vertical shaking table tests on the structure with viscoelastic multi-dimensional earthquake isolation and mitigation devices

The viscoelastic multi-dimensional earthquake isolation and mitigation device is a new kind of passive control device, which can perform its "name-giving" task of earthquake isolation and earthquake mitigation simultaneously. In order to quantify its vertical earthquake isolation and mitigation effect on structures, firstly, shaking table tests on steel frame structures with and without the devices were carried out; secondly, analysis on dynamic characteristics and dynamic responses of the structures was al...     

Mathematical models of grinding manufacture and tooth contact analysis of spherical gears

The spherical gear is a gear-driven mechanism with two degrees of freedom (DOF), which can transfer spatial motion and power. Grinding machining of the spherical gear is performed with a plate grinding wheel by using generating method, and based on mathematical model of the plate grinding wheel, the mathematical model of the spherical gear is set up. And then, the meshing model of a spherical gear pair is developed and the tooth contact analysis (TCA) of the spherical gear pairs is performed. After that, th...     

Discrimination for ablative control mechanism in solid-propellant rocket nozzle

The ablation in solid-propellant rocket nozzle is a coupling process resulted by chemistry, heat and mass transfer. Based on the heat and mass transfer theory, the aero-thermo-dynamic, and thermo-chemical kinetics, the thermal-chemical ablation model is established. Simulations are completed on the heat flow field and chemical ablation in the nozzle with different concentrations, frequency factors and activation energy of H2. The calculation results show that the concentration and the activation energy of H...     

Examining the use of Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanoparticles to enhance the NH<Subscript>3</Subscript> sensitivity of polypyrrole films

Summary Polypyrrole (PPy) composite films with different contents of Fe₃O₄ were prepared by in-situ polymerization of pyrrole in aqueous solutions. The dependence of dc current changes on the response of the samples exposure to NH₃ vapor has been investigated. The results shows the composite films are more stable than the pristine ones after being exposed to NH₃ vapor. Meanwhile, the response time was reduced with increasing the Fe₃O₄ content in the films. The results might be originated from the structural changes in the PPy films caused by the addition of Fe₃O₄.     

Lyso platelet activating factor (LysoPAF) and its enantiomer. Total synthesis and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy

Described is a reaction sequence for the total synthesis of lyso platelet activating factor (lysoPAF; 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and its enantiomer. The procedure is versatile and yields optically pure isomers of defined chain length. The synthesis is equally suited for the preparation of lysoPAF analogues and its enantiomers with unsaturation in the long aliphatic chain. First,rac-1(3)-O-alkylglycerol is prepared by alkylation ofrac-isopropylideneglycerol with alkyl methanesulfonate followed by acid-catalyzed removal of the ketal group. The primary hydroxy group of alkylglycerol is then protected by tritylation, the secondary hydroxy group is acylated, and the protective trityl group is removed under mild acidic conditions with boric acid on silicic acid, essentially without acyl migration. Condensation of the diradylglycerol with bromoethyl dichlorophosphate in diethyl ether, hydrolysis of the resulting chloride, and nucleophilic displacement of the bromine with trimethylamine givesrac-1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycero-3-phosphocholine in good overall yield. The racemic alkylacylglycerophosphocholine is finally treated with snake venom phospholipase A₂ (Ophiophagus hannah) which affords 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lysoPAF) of natural configuration in optically pure form. The “unnatural” 3-O-alkyl-2-O-acyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphocholine enantiomer, which is not susceptible to phospholipase A₂ cleavage, gives 3-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphocholine upon deacylation with methanolic sodium hydroxide. Homogeneity and structure of the intermediates and final products were ascertained by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on monomeric solutions.     

Thermal gas effusion from diamond-like carbon films

Good-quality diamond-like carbon films (6 at.% H₂, 2400 kgf/mm² microhardness, 2.7 eV bandgap, higly insulating) have been obtained by the DC glow discharge decomposition of acetylene. Mass spectroscopic thermal effusion measurements were carried out on the films deposited under different deposition conditions. Analyses of hydrogen in conjunction with hydrocarbon effusing species yield information on the microstructure and nature of C---H bonding configurations. It is shown to be a useful analytical tool to study hydrogenated amorphous carbon films of different microstructures varying from polymer-like to diamond-like.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.