Signaled Step Size for Downlink Power Control of Dedicated Channels in UTRA TDD

This paper discusses downlink inner loop power control of dedicated channels in UTRA TDD. The current UTRA TDD downlink power control is similar to one in UTRA FDD mode, that comprises of closed inner loop and quality based outer loop. However, due to the time division feature and associated fexibility with asymmetry of TDD, the inner loop can not react as fast as in FDD and it is affected by rapid changes in environment. Therefore, the effect of the inner loop algorithm to the performance of UTRA TDD network is studied in this paper. Especially, the use of asymmetric step sizes for power up and power down commands is evaluated in contrast to the conventional symmetric power adjustment. Since it would be beneficial for the downlink inner loop power control to reach the target SIR as fast as possible, the power control step size based on the difference between the UE measured SIR and target SIR would be the most desirable power adjustment. Since the effectiveness of this type of an algorithm depends on available signaling bandwidth that is used, a study is carried out to find the tradeoff between the signaling bandwidth and related network performance.Janne Kurjenniemi was born in Jyväskylä, Finland, in March 1974. He received the M.Sc. in telecommunications in 2001 from the University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskyl, Finland. He is working as a Researcher at the Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä. His research interests include radio resource management for wireless communication systems.Otto-Aleksanteri Lehtinen was born in Tampere, Finland, in September 1971. He received the Master of Science in Technology in 1999 from the Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Electrical engineering (major in radio technology, minor signal processing and computer devices). His research interests include radio resource management for wireless communication systems.Tapani Ristaniemi was born in Kauhava, Finland, in 1971. He received the M.Sc. in mathematics in 1995, Ph.Lic. in applied mathematics in 1997, and Ph.D. in telecommunications in 2000 from the University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. During 2001–2003 he was a professor of telecommunications at the Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä. In 2003 he joined the Institute of Communications Engineering in the Tampere University of Technology, Finland, where he has been a professor of wireless data communications. His research interests include signal processing for communications and radio resource management for wireless networks.     

Combined blowing with three ‐ hole lance in a sidewall blowing converter

Traditionally, in stainless steelmaking converters, oxygen has been blown by a one‐hole lance (1 HL) and sidewall tuyères. In order to reduce the tap‐to‐tap time, the multi‐hole lance has been used for oxygen blowing. The aim of this work was to develop blowing practise for a multi‐hole lance to reduce the tap‐to‐tap time and minimise metal splashing and spitting in the sidewall blowing converter (chromium converter). In the chromium converter the chemical energy of liquid ferrochrome (which contains 4 % silicon and 7 % carbon) is utilised for scrap melting by oxidising the silicon and the part of carbon. The research has been made by a dynamically scaled water model and full‐scale converter. Used parameters were the gas flowrate from sidewall tuyères and lance, lance height, charge weight and position of multi‐hole lance. Splashing has been measured during blowing from walls (splashing) and mouth of the converter model (spitting). The model tests indicated less splashing and spitting by the three‐hole lance (3 HL) than traditional 1 HL. The 1 HL caused strong skulling of the converter cone. By 3 HL blowing the position of the lance has a remarkable effect on the direction and the amount of splashing and lance life. Because of hot metal‐slag splashes, the life time of the 3 HL was halved by position 1 (compared to 1 HL). With the lance position 2 the splashing decreased by approx. 50% in model tests and lance life time increased by ~ 50% (compared to 1 HL) in the full‐scale converter. The model agreed well with the full‐scale converter. According to the process tests, the nominal productivity of the chromium converter has increased 15 % and depending on the refining practise and the silicon content of ferrochromium the lining life has increased 20 ‐ 30 %. In the future the multi‐hole lance will be tested in the AOD vessel.     

Repeatability,reproducibility, and accuracy of a novel pushbroom hyperspectral system

This study analyzes the repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy of a new hyperspectral system based on a pushbroom sensor as a means of measuring spectral features and color of materials and objects. The hyperspectral system consisted of a CCD camera, a spectrograph and an objective lens. An additional linear moving system allowed the mechanical scanning of the complete scene. A uniform overhead luminaire with daylight configuration was used to irradiate the scene using d:45 geometry. We followed the guidelines of the ASTM E2214‐08 Standard Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performance of Color‐Measuring Instruments that define the standards and latest multidimensional procedures. The results obtained are analyzed in‐depth and compared to those recently reported by other authors for spectrophotometers and multispectral systems. It can be concluded that hyperspectral systems are reliable and can be used in the industry to perform spectral and color readings with a high spatial resolution. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 549–558, 2014     

The sensory characteristics and rheological properties of soups containing oat and barley β-glucan before and after freezing

The aim was to study the effect of concentration and molecular weight of two oat and one barley β-glucan preparation on the perceived sensory quality of a ready-to-eat soup prototype before and after freezing. Oat1 was a bran-type preparation containing high molecular weight β-glucan; Oat2 and Barley were more processed and purified preparations with lower molecular weight. Nine soups containing 0.25-2.0 g β-glucan/100 g soup and one reference soup thickened with starch were profiled by a sensory panel and their viscosity and molecular weight of β-glucan was analysed.Freezing had no notable effects on the sensory quality of the soups. At the same concentration, soups made with the bran-type preparation were more viscous and had higher perceived thickness than soups made with processed, low molecular weight preparations. Barley soups had mainly higher flavour intensities than oat soups. Good correlations were obtained between sensory texture attributes and viscosity (r=0.70-0.84; P?0.001) and moderate correlations between flavour attributes and viscosity (r=−0.63-−0.80; P?0.001). Technologically, β-glucans are feasible thickening agent alternatives in soups. Preparations with lower molecular weight and viscosity are easier to add into a food product in higher quantities, but the role of high molecular weight β-glucan in physiological functionality has to be kept in mind.     

Effects of formulation and processing variables on dry fish feed pellets containing fish waste

A low-cost preparation process starting from fish waste, pregelatinised wheat flour and soya flour was optimised with regard to the physical properties of the pellets, by using response surface modelling. Independent variables were the ratio of wheat flour to soya flour, quantity of added water, temperature of added water, and mixing time. Pellet quality attributes measured for each set of variables were bulk density, water absorption index, sinking velocity, residual moisture, and structural integrity in water. Mixing time played the most important role among the input variables in defining pellet quality. The results suggest that a dry fish feed pellet of good quality can be manufactured by a simple pressing method using a mixture of 50% fish waste, 30–35% pregelatinised wheat flour, and 15–20% soya meal mixed with water (30-35% of the sum of other ingredients) of 60–65°C for 4–5 min. A method for determining structural integrity of pellets in turbulent water is presented.     

The aroma of finnish wild raspberries, Rubus idaeus, L.

Summary Volatile components of fresh wild raspberries were studied by combined gas chromatographymass spectrometry. A total of 75 components were identified, corresponding to about 64 ppm of raspberry oil in the press juice. More than 40 compounds not reported previously as raspberry volatiles were detected. These included 5-methyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)furanone, 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)furanone, 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)furanone, and 11 terpenes. Two of the identified esters, ethyl 5-hydroxyoctanoate and ethyl 5-hydroxydecanoate, have not previously been identified in natural products. These esters are very unstable, forming the corresponding -lactones during processing of the berries.

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Das Aroma von finnischen wilden Himbeeren, Rubus idaeus, L.

Zusammenfassung Die flüchtigen Aromastoffe der wilden Himbeere wurden gaschromatographisch-massenspektrometrisch bestimmt. Insgesamt 75 Bestandteile wurden identifiziert, entsprechend einem Gehalt an ätherischem Öl von etwa 64 ppm. Mehr als 40 Komponenten wurden festgestellt, die bisher nicht in Himbeeren identifiziert worden sind. Zu diesen gehören 5-Methyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)furanon, 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)furanon, 2,5-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)furanon und 11 Terpene. Die zwei identifizierten Ester, nämlich 5-Hydroxyoctansäureethylester und 5-Hydroxydecansäureethylester, sind bisher in keinen natürlichen Produkten gefunden worden. Diese Ester sind sehr unstabil und wurden beim Verarbeiten der Beeren leicht zu den entsprechenden -Laktonen umgewandelt.

     

Support Effect in a WGSR Catalyzed by Na2CO3 Activated [Ru(bpy)(CO)2Cl2] Catalyst

The support effects on the water gas shift reaction activity of [Ru(bpy)(CO)₂Cl₂] based catalyst were investigated. A series of oxide supports, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, SiO₂, Zeolites, ZrO₂ and ZrSiO₄, was studied. The catalytic activity was significantly improved when the catalyst was supported on weakly acidic alumina.     

Sequence-based detection of sleeping cell failures in mobile networks

This article presents an automatic malfunction detection framework based on data mining approach to analysis of network event sequences. The considered environment is long term evolution (LTE) of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System with sleeping cell caused by random access channel failure. Sleeping cell problem means unavailability of network service without triggered alarm. The proposed detection framework uses N-gram analysis for identification of abnormal behavior in sequences of network events. These events are collected with minimization of drive tests functionality standardized in LTE. Further processing applies dimensionality reduction, anomaly detection with K-Nearest Neighbors, cross-validation, postprocessing techniques and efficiency evaluation. Different anomaly detection approaches proposed in this paper are compared against each other with both classic data mining metrics, such as F-score and receiver operating characteristic curves, and a newly proposed heuristic approach. Achieved results demonstrate that the suggested method can be used in modern performance monitoring systems for reliable, timely and automatic detection of random access channel sleeping cells.     

Side radiation of Rayleigh waves from synchronous SAW resonators

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators on lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) and lithium niobate (LiNbO3) are investigated. The amplitude of the acoustic fields in the resonators are measured using a scanning laser interferometer. The amplitude profiles of the surface vibrations reveal the presence of distinct acoustic beams radiated from the transducer region of the SAW resonators and propagating with low attenuation. We suggest that this radiation is generated by the charges accumulating at the tips of the finger electrodes. The periodic system of sources, namely oscillating charges at the fingertips, generates Rayleigh-wave beams in the perpendicular and oblique directions. Green's function theory is used to calculate the coupling strength and slowness of the Rayleigh waves on 42 degrees Y-cut LiTaO3 and Y-cut LiNbO3 substrates as a function of the propagation direction. Furthermore, the propagation angles of the Rayleigh-wave beams as a function of frequency are calculated. The computed angles are compared with the measured ones for both the LiTaO3 and LiNbO3 substrates.     

The Role of Carbohydrates in Alkali Anthraqutnone Pulping

The reactions of carbohydrates with anthraquinones in alkaline pulping processes are reviewed. AQ reacts mainly with the short-lived intermediates that are formed in the degradation reactions of wood polysaccharides. Oxidation of the reducing end groups of polysaccharides to stable aldonic acid end groups is marginal and corresponds to less than 1 % of all reactions of AQ. The stabilization of the polysaccharides may be enhanced by the use of salts of alkaline earth metals which increase the relative oxidation rate of sugar enediols and promote the hydride shift reaction of the intermediate aldos-2-ulose end groups to stable hexonic acid end groups. Analysis of the monomeric carbohydrate-derived oxidation products indicates that hardwood lignin probably contains more structures that react with anthrahydroquinone than does softwood lignin. This difference may partly explain the more facile delignification of hardwoods.