立管系统中严重段塞流的一维瞬态模型

严重段塞流主要出现在下倾管段、紧接有一上倾管段或立管段的气、液两相混输海底管道中。根据严重段塞流形成的4个阶段,从一维瞬态流体力学方程出发,建立了一个简化的、准平衡态的严重段塞流数学模型,该模型考虑了流体的物性及流动瞬态效应,可对严重段塞长度、段塞周期、流动速度、压力等特性参数的变化进行模拟。与其他瞬态多相流模型相比,本文模型具有数学模型简单、计算效率高的特点。数值模拟结果表明:当管径较小时,无论介质是空气和水,还是空气和油,由本文模型计算得到的段塞周期和压力结果都与实验数据吻合较好;当管径较大时,若介质为空气和水,则本文模型计算结果与OLGA软件模拟结果较接近;若介质为石油和天然气,在模拟工况范围内,除了小气量工况下偏差较大外,本文模型计算结果与OLGA软件模拟结果相比,段塞周期偏差在25%以内,压力偏差在10%以内;此外,用本文模型计算液塞生长阶段时间t1比Saga-tun模型模拟结果更接近实测结果。     

全国农田水利建设先进县的经验与启示

针对农田水利建设下滑的被动局面，各地积极探索，从加强领导、拓宽投入渠道、创新体制和机制等方面积极采取措施，取得了很大成效。对国务院2006年表彰的100个全国农田水利建设先进县（市、区）中的35个县（市、区）进行了调研，总结了它们的主要做法、经验，提出农田水利建设先进县的三点启示。     

Ab initio calculations on the mechanism of isobutane and 2-butene alkylation reaction catalyzed by hydrofluoric acid

Ab initio method was employed to determine the mechanism of alkylation reaction of 2-butene with isobutane. The results indicated that 2-butene is rapidly protonated to form sec-butyl carbonium ion, which then reacts with isobutane to form tert-butyl carbonium ion. The resulting carbonium ion is then deprotonated to form isobutene that reacts rapidly with tert-butyl carbonium ion to form trimethylpentane (TMP) carbonium ion. Finally, the TMP⁺ carbonium ion is converted to TMP via the hydride transfer process. The transition states of the interactions were obtained by using the SCAN method (a calculation key word for potential energy surface) first and then the intrinsic reaction coordinates were traced using the Gaussian program. In addition, the energy changes and geometric parameters of the interactions were analyzed. The computed results indicated that the energy barriers are close to or less than zero for the interaction of isobutane with protonated 2-butene or for the interaction of tert-butyl carbonium ion with isobutene, suggesting rapid reaction steps of the carbonium ions. The 2,2,3-TMP is kinetically controlled, while the formation of 2,2,4-TMP is controlled by reaction equilibrium. The calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental results.     

雁栖水厂的规划与设计

雁栖水厂位于北京市怀柔区雁栖镇下庄村南，距怀柔县城6km，占地面积0．78hm^2．设计日供水能力5000t。雁栖水厂集中反映了北京市农村安全饮水工作的模式和经验，下面从规划、设计、管理等三方面对雁栖水厂进行介绍。     

SAPO-34/SiO_2催化甲醇制烯烃

采用水热法合成了SAPO-34分子筛,并用X射线粉末衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对SAPO-34分子筛的结构进行了表征,同时探讨了黏合剂种类、甲醇分压、催化剂粒径和硅源等对SAPO-34分子筛催化甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应性能的影响。实验结果表明,在MTO反应中,三烯(乙烯、丙烯和丁烯)选择性在反应初期存在明显的诱导期;以S iO2为黏合剂合成的SAPO-34/S iO2催化剂不但可缩短MTO反应的诱导期,三烯选择性也较未添加黏合剂或以A l2O3为黏合剂时高1~2个百分点;且当催化剂活性明显下降时,三烯选择性下降的幅度较小。催化剂粒径、甲醇分压及硅源对催化剂的诱导期也有明显的作用。在甲醇分压低于19kPa、催化剂粒径0.25~0.38mm、S iO2为黏合剂、硅酸四乙酯为硅源时,SAPO-34/S iO2催化剂的MTO性能明显提高。     

木寡糖的研究进展

木寡糖可以从多种多样含木聚糖的原材料中通过化学法或酶法制得，然后再利用物理化学方法精制。作为食物配料，木寡糖具有许多有利的技术特性，并且具有调节肠功能的能力，能导致生物前效应。除了对肠功能的作用外，其他关于木寡糖的生物活性也作了相关综述，包括木寡糖在生物合成配置方面的作用以及他们的技术特性和市场前景。     

聚烯烃塑料改性的研究进展

聚乙烯、聚丙烯以优良的力学性能、热性能、加工性能等成为最主要的聚烯烃塑料品种,大量用于生产薄膜、管材和板材。通过改性可获得高刚性、高强度、高耐热、低成本的聚烯烃塑料。综述了近年来聚乙烯和聚丙烯在接枝、交联、填充、共混等方面的改性进展,并指出了研究方向和发展趋势。     

Experimental Study on Energy Consumption of Combined Conventional and Dehumidification Drying

Conventional drying, dehumidification drying, and combined conventional-dehumidification drying of wood were experimentally studied in this article. The results showed that the energy consumption in the dehumidification drying is the least but its drying time is the longest. The energy consumption in the combined drying is more than that in the dehumidification drying but less than that in the conventional drying, and the drying time is half of that in the dehumidification drying. The advantages of the combined conventional and dehumidification drying are discussed from the experiments results.     

Ranking with uncertain labels and its applications

The techniques for image analysis and classification generally consider the image sample labels fixed and without uncertainties. The rank regression problem studied in this paper is based on the training samples with uncertain labels, which often is the case for the manual estimated image labels. A core ranking model is designed first as the bilinear fusing of multiple candidate kernels. Then, the parameters for feature selection and kernel selection are learned simultaneously by maximum a posteriori for given samples and uncertain labels. The provable convergency Expectation Maximization (EM) method is used for inferring these parameters in an iterative manner. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is finally validated by the extensive experiments on age ranking task and human tracking task. The popular FG-NET and the large scale Yamaha aging database are used for the age estimation experiments, and our algorithm outperforms those state-of-the-art algorithms ever reported by other interrelated literatures significantly. The experiment result of human tracking task also validates its advantage over conventional linear regression algorithm. A short version of this paper appeared in ICME07.     

地层测试资料在实际应用中若干问题浅析

华北油田冀中地区在十几年实践过程中，陆续开展了200多层次地层测试（或三开抽汲）及该试油层常规抽汲试油工作。通过对1300次测试资料特别是对200层复试资料的分析对比，认为测试资料对自喷层和中高产非自喷井是准确的，可以不必进行三开抽汲。对井壁深部污染、低渗透和特低渗透层还存在一些偏差，为解决探井中一些疑难问题，需要配合抽汲。