Measurement of the Thermal Energy Evolved upon Tablet Compression

The increase in temperature that occurs when a granulation or powder is compressed into a tablet has long been of interest to pharmaceutical scientists. Not only can this rise in temperature be indicative of differences in formulations which affect their performance during the tabletting process, but it may also cause unforeseen changes in the final tablet. Exact measurements of this temperature rise and of the thermal energy released have proven to be elusive. The diversity in equipment used approximately equals the number of published studies. This is the first report in which an accurate temperature probe has successfully been placed within the powder bed being compacted. Using a measurement system of original design, both the temperature rise and thermal energy evolved have been measured for single component systems comprised of Avicel, calcium carbonate, Corn Starch USP, and sulfathiazole. Extension of this work will deal with reactive multicomponent systems     

Menstrual disorders in athletes

OBJECTIVES: To review the current state of knowledge of the molecular biology of lymphoma, the clinical relevance of findings, and the implications for practice. DATA SOURCES: Published research articles, proceedings of conferences, and oncology textbooks. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular biology of lymphomas has been the subject of many research studies in the past two decades. New cytogenetic techniques have led to a wealth of information on lymphomagenesis and its impact on the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of lymphoma, which will continue into the next decade. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: An understanding of the molecular biology of lymphoma will assist cancer nurses in providing current, state-of-the-art patient education and will facilitate an understanding of newly developed methods in the prognosis and treatment of this malignancy.     

Design and experimental activities in view of Water Detritiation–Isotopic Separation Systems combination in TRENTA facility

To support the research activities needed to characterize the performance of various components for the Water Detritiation System (WDS) and the Isotope Separation System (ISS) processes needed for the ITER design, an experimental facility called TRENTA, simulating for the ITER WDS and ISS protium separation column, has been commissioned at Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK). The TRENTA facility has been conceived to allow operation in a closed loop with respect to tritium inventory and to allow investigations of key design and operation issues of combined CECE (Combined Electrolytic Catalytic Exchange) and CD (Cryogenic Distillation) processes in similar conditions as envisaged for the ITER WDS–ISS. Activities combining CECE and CD processes are on going at TLK. For the CD system, dedicated heat-exchangers have been designed and manufactured to make the combination possible. The system of heat-exchangers has to provide a double barrier to avoid tritium contamination of the helium stream. The design of the heat-exchangers for feeding of the CD column, equilibrator loop and condenser will be presented. In addition, the ongoing experimental activities for to the investigation of different CD fillings will be presented.