二元混合氯化盐的配制及热物性研究

在太阳能热发电技术中,硝酸盐类相变材料是使用最多的一种相变材料,但其最高使用温度仅为600 ℃,因此找到一种热容量大、工作温度范围宽、热损失低、价格便宜的相变储热材料是目前的研究重点。选取氯化锂和氯化钠两种高温熔盐相变材料按照不同的质量比混合制备了9种二元熔盐混合物,利用差式扫描量热仪（DSC）对其在600 ℃范围内的相变温度和相变潜热进行了研究。实验结果显示：由于氯化钠的熔点较高,当氯化锂和氯化钠的二元混合物中氯化钠的含量较多时,即氯化锂的含量较少时,少量的氯化锂不能将混合物的熔点降低至600 ℃以下,混合材料无法熔化;当氯化钠和氯化锂发生熔融时,无论何种比例其相变温度均保持在540 ℃左右,浮动±15 ℃;以质量配比为90%氯化锂-10%氯化钠的二元混合物的熔融温度与结晶温度相差较大,所以该二元混合熔盐可以应用于太阳能发电的传热和蓄热技术中。     

Performance of a solar air composite heat source heat pump system

For the shortcoming of air source heat pump in heating condition, a composite heat exchanger was designed which integrates fin tube and tube heat exchanger, and it can achieve synchronous and composite heat exchange in one heat exchanger between working fluids, gaseous and liquid heat source. With the above composite heat exchanger as the core component, the Solar Air Composite Heat Source Heat Pump System (SACHP) was developed which has three working modes, including single solar heat source mode, single air heat source mode and solar air dual heat sources mode. A SACHP experiment table was established and conducted a comprehensive experimental study of three working modes of this system in the standard enthalpy difference laboratory. The results show that when the ambient temperature was −15 °C, compared to the single air heat source mode, the dual heat source mode increased 62% in heat capacity and 59% in COP; when the temperature difference of combined heat transfer was 5 °C, compared to the single air heat source mode, the dual heat source mode increased 51% in heat capacity and 49% in COP. Experimental results demonstrate that the application of the solar air composite heat pump technology can accelerate the application process of the solar heat pump in air conditioners for buildings.     

The EU internal electricity market: Done forever?

Taking a quarter-century to build Europe's internal market for electricity may seem an incredibly long journey. The aim of achieving a European-wide market might be reached, but we went through – and should continue to go through – a process subject to many adverse dynamics. The EU internal market may derail greatly in the coming years from the effects of a massive push for renewables, as well as a growing decentralization of the production–consumption loop. Moreover, a serious concern is the risk of a definitive fragmentation of the European electricity market due to uncoordinated national moves with respect to renewable support and capacity mechanisms.     

污泥焚烧炉渣基定型复合相变储热材料的制备和性能

市政污泥的大量堆积或填埋会破坏局部生态环境,而焚烧可实现污泥的无害化处理,但污泥炉渣中的重金属难以有效固定。为有效固定污泥炉渣中的重金属,资源化利用污泥焚烧炉渣制备低成本复合相变储热材料,提出市政污泥焚烧炉渣作为骨架材料,硝酸钠为相变储热材料,采用冷压-烧结法制备了5种不同质量比的污泥焚烧炉渣基定型复合相变储热材料,并对其传热储热性能、微观形貌、抗压性能以及化学相容性进行研究。结果表明,在100～400℃范围内,焚烧炉渣与硝酸钠质量比为5∶5（样品SS3）时定型复合相变储热材料具有最佳的传热储热性能和良好的高温热稳定性,可实现对重金属的有效固定;炉渣组分与硝酸钠间具有良好的化学相容性,样品SS3的储热密度高达409.25 J/g,热导率最高达0.955 W/（m·K）,抗压强度为139.65 MPa。经历500次加热/冷却循环后,样品SS3仍然具有良好的传热储热性能,表明污泥焚烧炉渣适合作为制备定型复合相变储热材料的骨架材料。     

癸酸—月桂酸二元复合相变储能材料循环热稳定性

以研究癸酸—月桂酸二元复合相变储能材料在循环相变过程中的热稳定性为目的,搭建了实现相变材料加速热循环过程的实验平台,并利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定了经过0,800,1 600,2 400,3 200,4 000次加速热循环后相变材料的相变温度和相变潜热。经过4 000次循环后,相变温度下降了0.8℃,相变潜热降低为初始值的92.08%。结果表明:随着循环次数的增加,该相变材料的相变温度变化微小,相变潜热有所降低,其热稳定性比较好。基于实验结果,讨论了此种相变材料在太阳能及建筑节能领域的应用前景。     

Evolutionary learning of fuzzy models

This paper presents an evolutionary algorithm for generating knowledge bases for fuzzy logic systems. The algorithm dynamically adjusts the focus of the genetic search by dividing the population into three sub-groups, each concerned with a different level of knowledge base optimisation. The algorithm was tested on the identification of two highly non-linear simulated plants. Such a task represents a challenging test for any learning technique and involves two opposite requirements, the exploration of a large high-dimensional search space and the achievement of the best modelling accuracy. The algorithm achieved learning results that compared favourably with those for alternative knowledge base generation methods.     

Orientation effect on heat transfer of a shrouded LED backlight panel with a plate-fin array

This study reports thermal performance of a shrouded 348 mm × 558 mm aluminum plate-fin heat sink subject to various input powers and orientations. Effects of clearance (C) and the orientation on the heat transfer of the heat sink were investigated. Results show that the clearance effect is detectable only in a “window region” between 5 mm and 10 mm where an appreciable rise of heat transfer coefficient is encountered. As the tilted angle (θ) of the LED panel is increased, the heat transfer coefficient is reduced and the clearance effect on heat transfer becomes more pronounced. The heat transfer coefficients are similar between two cases in which the tilted angles of the LED panel are supplementary irrespective of clearance and input power. Except the cases of a horizontal heat sink, heat transfer coefficient of the shrouded heat sink having a fin array facing downward is usually slightly higher than that having supplementary tilted angle.     

镶嵌式框架围护结构典型节点热桥模拟分析

介绍了镶嵌式框架围护结构体系,以北京地区气候条件为计算参数,利用模拟软件,模拟分析了不同形式镶嵌式框架围护结构中典型节点的温度分布规律,结果表明该体系能够避免热桥部分产生结露问题;还分析了不同节点处的热流分布,表明该体系的节能效果可基本满足北京市居住建筑的节能设计要求。     

纵向通风下隧道速度场及温度场的模拟研究

在隧道火灾研究中,将临界速度作为衡量纵向通风效率的标准已被广泛认可.然而,对于排烟口位于火源两侧,两端都是进风口的情况,临界速度并不能有效地衡量通风效率.对此,研究人员提出了“限制性速度”的概念,并将其作为标准,但到目前为止,对于限制性速度的研究依然很少.本文中的CFD模型以0.Vauquelin的实验为基础,通过CF...     

Analytical and comparative testing of EnergyPlus using IEA HVAC BESTEST E100–E200 test suite

The EnergyPlus building energy simulation software has been tested using the IEA HVAC BESTEST E100–E200 series of tests. The volume 1 final report for the International Energy Agency (IEA) solar heating and cooling programme task 22 building energy simulation test and diagnostic method for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment models (HVAC BESTEST) was recently published in January 2002. HVAC BESTEST is a series of steady-state tests for a single-zone DX cooling system. Cases range from dry to wet coil, low to high part load, and low to high temperatures. This published test suite includes three sets of analytical solutions and results from several other simulation programs for comparison.This test suite was initially used to test EnergyPlus beginning with beta versions prior to its official public release, and it is also applied as an ongoing quality assurance test. The application of these tests proved to be very useful in several ways:

• •revealed input model shortcomings, which resulted in new user inputs being added;
• •revealed reporting errors which were fixed;
• •revealed algorithmic errors which were fixed;
• •revealed algorithmic shortcomings which were improved or eliminated through the use of more rigorous calculations for certain components;
• •in later versions, caught newly introduced bugs before public release of updates.

Overall, the application of this test suite has been extremely useful in debugging and verifying the DX cooling algorithms in EnergyPlus. This paper summarizes the difficulties encountered and the benefits gained in applying the tests.